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Title: The Builder, No. 1, December 31, 1842

Subtitle: Precursor number

Compiler: Publishing Office

Release Date: September 1, 2023 [eBook #71539]

Language: English

Credits: Charlene Taylor, David Garcia, Jon Ingram and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Library of Early Journals. Noted on site that this resource is no longer available.)

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BUILDER, NO. 1, DECEMBER 31, 1842 ***

# The Builder, No. 1, December 31, 1842.

[1]

THE BUILDER.

PRECURSOR NUMBER.

THIRD IMPRESSION OF FIVE THOUSAND.

No. 1.] | LONDON, DECEMBER 31, 1842. | PRICE. {Unstamped, 1½ d. {Stamped, 2½ d.

## ADDRESS.

Upon the occasion of addressing, for the first time, a particular class, and that too through the medium of a decidedly class-paper, it seems to us that the views and intentions of its conductor should be unreservedly stated. We commence, then, in the spirit that will characterize our future advocacy of the varied interests enumerated in another page. It is avowed that we enter upon this portion of the wide field of literature and science as our legitimate province, inasmuch as we were brought up, educated, and have long wrought in it; mere qualification for any undertaking is, however, but one amongst the elements of success, and unless combined with well-timed efforts, frequently disappoints the possessor:—we invite the reader to judge of the timeliness of our own by the following incident, the explanations it gives rise to, and of the result in the publication before him.

Conversing a few months since with a leading bookseller and publisher in this metropolis, we had occasion to remark upon the costly, not to say exorbitant, price of Architectural books; this fact was not disputed, and the cause at once ascribed to the smallness of the number of readers, which made it impossible it should be otherwise. We almost held up our hands in astonishment, as we repeated his words “smallness of the number of readers!” Call you five hundred thousand a small number? Can a class of half a million male adults, whom we may emphatically term all readers, and members of reading families; a class of half a million of the pick of British Artisans; a class of the highest intelligence, and (measured by their wages and numbers) highest in wealth: can we talk of the smallness of the number of readers, and assume to know any thing of this large and influential body? It was in this strain that we interrogated our friend the bookseller; it was a burst of somewhat indignant feeling, for we had long thought on the subject, and felt convinced that the fault lay, not with the reader, but rather with the writer and publisher. We have since put the case in a familiar way to other parties, as we will now proceed to do to our readers.

Suppose the Grocers, whose business it is to supply the commodities of their shops in a way suited to the daily wants of customers, were to act upon the principle of refusing to parcel out their tea and sugar, or to dispose of it in less quantities than a chest of the former, or a hundred weight of the latter; or, bringing the parallel nearer, suppose the Bakers, in dispensing the “staff of life,” were to set themselves above the standard of purveying the quartern, and half-quartern loaf; or again, that the Butcher should sell his meat in nothing less than the carcase; or that these tradesmen were to study only the palate and appetite of dainty and refined stomachs; what, let us ask, would be the condition of men of moderate means, and homely requirements? Why, just that which in regard to the food of the mind is the condition of the Working Builder.

There are in England, Scotland, and Wales, one hundred and twenty thousand Carpenters, of full age, and we may assume for Ireland (the compiled accounts not assisting us here) thirty thousand more, making a total of one hundred and fifty thousand, exclusive of apprentices, in this trade alone, who, in common with the other co-operating Building Artificers, require to read and study (and in some instances to abstruseness) on all subjects connected with their craft. For these hundreds of thousands there has hitherto been no retailing of proper food for the mind; no books at moderate prices, and in suitable parcels; and if we except the issue in parts and numbers of works such as those of Mr. Peter Nicholson, the large sale of which confirms the truth of our convictions, nothing in the shape of a trade instructor, or magazine, adapted to their several pursuits has yet been offered to this immense body. The “Architectural Magazine,” by Mr. London, indeed, did wonders in its way; and other journals which have followed in its track are, no doubt, well adapted to the particular departments whose cause they espouse, and promote;[1] but what is there, we ask again, for the work-shop, and for the fire-side circle of the Building Artisan?

Examine our Prospectus, and contemplate the numbers forming an array of what we have advisedly termed “the pick of British Artisans.” Be it remembered, however, that we do not use these words in an invidious sense, or in disparagement of other bodies of the industrious citizens of the empire; but, considering the standard of perfection, in body and mind, required for the proper practising of the Building Arts, and considering also the healthful nature of their occupations, it will not be deemed arrogant in us to speak thus of the class to which we have the honour to belong; in addition, we have the influence which numbers, intelligence, and wealth, if united, must ever secure to us. With all these advantages present to literary eyes and ears, in an age of professed catering, printing, and publishing, is it not one of the greatest marvels—a huge paradox—that there is no such thing as a Builder’s Newspaper and Magazine?

We have just said Newspaper and Magazine, for it has occurred to us (rather happily, we opine and trust), to combine them; that is to say, the particular features which distinguish either. We would relieve the Working Builder from a double charge for matter less available to him in practice, as well as from the still greater evil, in many instances, of a dry magazine at home, and a well moistened newspaper at a public-house. We have an eye to the superior household and domestic economy which prevails, and which we would have still more constant in the Builder’s Circle. We would give him a book on his trade, worth preserving, and a newspaper for the reading of his wife and family, as well as for himself; and, finally, we would make the weekly pence set apart from his earnings, for the gratification of a common feeling of curiosity, not begrudged by the partner of his cares on the one hand, or to be regretted by the most thrifty economist on the other, since, even the news will be the vehicle of trade knowledge, and consequently of the means of trade, with its advantages and profits.

In designating our paper, we use the word “Builder” in its most extended sense—instancing a house, or other edifice, we regard it from the procurement and preparation of the materials, to the fixing upon its site, and to its full completion for the residence, use, and enjoyment of man, and which includes the making of the design or plan, “breaking” ground, as it is termed; the erection, or building up; decorating, fitting, and furnishing; the supply of water and drainage; and even the laying out of the garden, pleasure grounds, and park. This is the whole art of building, or, in other words, of providing and perfecting human habitations. To all, therefore, who are engaged in the Art so defined, we address ourselves without distinction, and without preference; the interests of all will, to the best of our power, be consulted, promoted, and advocated.

It now becomes us to say a few words as to how far this step (that is, the issuing of the “Precursor Number”) is to be considered on our part as an experiment; for, without being clear and explicit, we should, in case of failure, or rather abandonment, of our enterprise (for failure there can be none, where provision is made against that result), incur the blame of not having given our friends, the Building Classes, a clear view of the part which we humbly conceive it is their duty and interest to take in the business.

The “Precursor” is a trial number; and we make the avowal plainly and distinctly. Our part of the affair is to make every effort to supply what we consider a useful and most desirable public object. The part of the building fraternity, to whom it is particularly addressed, and the part of those who regard as a duty all the exertions they are making in the cause of public education; and also of those who pursue the arts out of a pure love and liking, is to support our humble efforts if they deem them worthy of appreciation. The less the sacrifice called for on either side the better. Let the covenants between us be of an equitable nature, and as we start upon the principle of discountenancing, as far as practicable, all lottery and riskful speculation (of which we will say more presently), so in the basis of this compact with our friends and readers, we would remove all unnecessary hazard, or complexion of adventure. We give our best exertion in what appears to us a work of common good; if our friends think well and approvingly of these exertions, and that work, let them contribute their part, were it alone for economy and fairness sake.

We do not rely upon the leviathan power of capital for our success; but we purpose building it up by an honest and diligent pursuit of the objects defined, aided by a fair share of judgment, and other necessary qualifications; and we anticipate it in the cheerful and generous response of our countrymen: and this Precursor Number, as its name implies, has its office in searching out the way, and exploring the track which its successor “The Builder” is designed to follow. If the Precursor finds a ready passport, and a significant welcome, of which we have no doubt, it will be promptly followed by that of which it will have been the harbinger.

We invite, therefore, an active dispersion of the Precursor amongst our friends; but, above all, we respectfully invite communications from the[2] many distinguished patrons and favourers of works of this class. We invite also the Architect, Engineer, Landscape Gardener, Master Builder, Manufacturers in ornamental processes, and proprietors generally, Clerks of Works, Foremen, and Workmen, to avail themselves of the ready means of the penny-postage, to aid us by their supporting voices, and by any suggestions they can commit to paper. A Supplement will be issued with a subsequent impression of the Precursor (without increase of price), and in that Supplement our correspondence, and additional advertisements will appear; we, therefore, scarcely need say that the more promptly our friends reply to the invitation the better.

It now remains for us to say something of the peculiar character proposed to be given to the “Builder.” The Prospectus, which serves as the basis of this exposition, sets forth that the trade essays and descriptions will be accompanied by illustrations and diagrams: that is, we shall supply drawings, to render clearer the accounts we may give of mechanical inventions and processes; drawings of ornament, or enrichment in Plasterwork, Painting, Sculpture, Carving, Iron, and other metals; drawings of Mouldings, and Moulded work, for the Carpenter, Mason, and Bricklayer; drawings of construction, in roofs, floors, trusses, and framing, hand-railing, &c., centering of arches and groining; drawings of Buildings, both ancient and modern; plans, elevations, sections, and details: drawings of Architectural orders and styles; drawings for instruction in perspective, geometry, and the like; and, occasionally, coloured printing, in such matters as pertain to painting and staining.

We shall also give patterns for the paperhanger and upholsterer, and designs for furniture; and a comprehensive range of constructive and ornamental design suited to that immense territory of British pre-eminence, the Iron-foundry and its workshops: as connected with these, we come to that creative and directing science, Civil Engineering, and here drawings of constructed works, of Engines and Machinery, will have a prominent place, accompanying the descriptive treatises and essays.

From this enumeration it must be evident that a large space will be devoted to the sciences in the nature of connected and consecutive essays; another part to the record of progress in the Building Art; and a third to news relating to Building and Builders.

Reviews and notices of publications intended for or likely to be useful to Builders, will also be given, and biographical sketches of eminent men connected with science and the arts. These separate heads, together with correspondence and inquiries, will constitute the peculiarities of our Journal, and the remaining space will assume the aspect of the general weekly press—home and foreign news; digest of Parliamentary reports; political opinions of the leading Journals; dramatic notices; general literary reviews; police and law reports; markets, and advertisements.

So ample is the field before us, that there can be no lack of matter or subjects; our business will be to cull the choicest for the literary banquet of our friends. Much that is valuable we hope and look for in the shape of correspondence; one of the chief merits of “The Builder” being, that it is a direct and fitting medium for conveying instruction from the liberal and enlightened of every department—a free exchange of knowledge—which we anticipate may result in mutual good service to all.

[1] We would instance the Civil Engineer and Architect.

## WILLIAM OF WYKEHAM.

We have selected the portraiture of this illustrious man, whose fame lives in national works, as the first wherewith to embellish our Gallery of Architects—a man who was eminent, not only as an architect, but as a liberal patron of the arts—not only as a builder of colleges, but as a munificent donor to the cause of education, and whose institutions still flourish among the proudest in the land. “Many there are,” says Bishop Lowth, in his Life of Wykeham, “who have felt the influence of his liberality, or who are actually partakers of his bounty.”

It is rarely that instances approaching in interest to that of our subject present themselves; of successful talent we have many, but they are limited to its mere exercise for ordinary reward; others, where ambition and ostentation, as in the case of Wolsey, stimulated to a patronage of great works, while in that of Wykeham we have a memorable example of true nobility of mind, soaring from humble origin to the most elevated stations in church and state, and fulfilling its duties by an active exercise of all the kindred virtues.

William of Wykeham was born at the village of that name in Hampshire, in the year 1324, of reputable but poor parents, whose deficiency of means to afford him education was supplied by the generous intervention of Nicholas Uvedale, lord of the manor of Wykeham, and constable of Winchester Castle, then one of the great offices of the kingdom. After going through the course of study afforded by the school at Winchester, we find him officiating as secretary to Uvedale, and subsequently executing commissions of trust as attorney for Edyngdon, Bishop of Winchester, his immediate predecessor in that see, in whose service he appears at that time to have been engaged.

The piety, diligence, and early acquirements of Wykeham had recommended him to the notice of many patrons, both lay and ecclesiastical, and paved the way for his introduction to that of the reigning monarch, Edward III., and of his son, the renowned Black Prince; he had already entered the subordinate ranks of the clergy, and the fitness of his choice was confirmed in after times by the dignities he attained to; that elevation was, however, preceded by the execution of works which have stamped his fame as an Architect.

It is natural that we should ask, how was this talent in architecture acquired? We find no account of the preparation or training, beyond that of the general knowledge he had gained at the school of Winchester, aided by the intuitive genius and taste proper to comprehensive intellectual powers. No record exists of his having studied at either of the universities, and if it had been so, the regard and confidence of the King must be attributed to acquirements very superior to those at that time current at Oxford or Cambridge, where theological controversy was the leading and absorbing theme. We are told, indeed, that Wykeham had studied “arithmetic, mathematics, divinity, and, above all, the canon and civil law;” and we see no reason to the contrary. The school of Winchester, a city then second to none in the kingdom in splendour and opulence, would scarcely be deficient of teachers in these courses of study; in the mode, and according to the then understanding of their relative uses and value.

It is, upon the whole, probable that Wykeham gave the first proofs of skill as an Architect in the extension and reparation of Winchester Castle, during his employment by Nicholas Uvedale. That it was a fortress of considerable extent and consequence, history abundantly proves; and it continued so down to the period of the civil strife between the adherents of Charles I. and the Parliamentary armies; but whatever may have been the extent or description of building previously executed by him, it led to his appointment, by patent, dated May 10th, 1356, of Clerk of all the King’s works in the manors of Henley and Yesthampstead; and by a second patent, under date 30th October of the same year, he was made Surveyor of all the King’s works at the Castle and Park of Windsor; and subsequently of all the royal castles south of Trent.

In these capacities he was furnished with extensive powers; such as directing the issue of the King’s writ to the sheriffs of counties, requiring them to impress workmen, who were compelled to labour at fixed wages; to purvey and apply all material fitted for building; to hold courts for pleas of trespass and misdemeanours; and to inquire of the King’s liberties and rights within his demesne lands. The prelude to the erection of Windsor Castle was the assembling of 360 impressed workmen, by forties, from nine adjoining counties, in addition to those voluntarily engaged; the original Norman building was levelled, and on its site, under the eye of a warlike monarch who delighted in embattled towers and gorgeous halls fitted for the display of chivalric institutions, was reared this far-famed fortress and palace of our kings.

Windsor Castle occupied from ten to twelve years of continued labour, and comprised the King’s palace; the great hall of St. George; buildings for various purposes, on the east and south sides of the upper ward; the keep, or tower; the chapel of St. George; the residences of the custos and canons, in the lower ward, with the whole circumference of the walls, towers, and gates. Many parts of the original building remain, but the lapse of nearly five hundred years, frequent repairs, the enlargements and alterations required to meet the conveniences or tastes of successive kings, most of whom have expended immense sums in real or fancied improvements, have, in a great degree, obliterated a plan and style which was, in Castellated Architecture, the perfection of the fourteenth century.

His second work was the Castle of Queenborough, in the Isle of Sheppy, which, from the lowness of the site, and nature of the foundations, required unusual skill in the Architect. It was commenced in 1361, and completed in about six years, when the King, holding his court there, made the town a free borough, naming it Queenborough, in honour of his Queen Philippa. Of this structure no part remains; but its position and extent are ascertained by the moat which surrounded it. There can be no doubt this was one of the principal castles of the kingdom, designed both as a means of defence against invasion, and as a point for the assembling of fleets and armies for offensive purposes. We are told of this building, that it was “large, strong, and magnificent;” a fitting residence for royalty, and one of the strongholds of the realm; and its importance may be estimated by the rank of its constables, who were, in the reign of Edward III., John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster; Richard II., Robert de Vere, Earl of Oxford; Henry IV., John Cornwall, Baron Fanhope; Henry VII., Humphry Stafford, Duke of Buckingham; Edward IV., George, Duke of Clarence, &c. The last repairs were done in the reign of Henry VIII., 1536.

Pending these works, Wykeham grew into high favour with his royal master, and church preferment was heaped upon him with a lavish hand; he filled also in succession the offices of Secretary of State, Keeper of the Privy Seal, and Chancellor of England; and upon the death of Edyngdon, Bishop of Winchester, in 1366, he succeeded to that see, one of the richest and most influential in the kingdom. With his career as a prelate or a statesman, we can have little to do in this sketch, but we may be permitted to notice that it was replete with great and disinterested actions. Prosperity so brilliant had, however, its hour of adversity, but which only served to place in bolder relief the virtues of the Christian and the dignity of the man. In the dotage of Edward III., charges of malversation, in the execution of his high offices, were preferred against the Bishop of Winchester, at the instigation of John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, who had always manifested an irreconcilable jealousy of his influence with the king. This proceeding was followed by an arbitrary sequestration of the temporalities of the bishop, and he retired to the monastery of Merton, and subsequently to the Abbey of Waverly, near Farnham, amid the universal regrets of the nation. The aspersion of a character so singularly exempt from the besetting sin of avarice, and its twin vices, peculation and sensualism, could not, however, be long sustained; and at the end of seven months he was happily restored to the means of carrying forward magnificent designs for the benefit of posterity.

From this period Wykeham seems, as much as possible, to have relieved himself from the burthen of secular affairs, although we find him again Chancellor in the unsettled reign of Richard II., but which office he took the earliest occasion to resign. Long and faithful services to the state had entitled him to repose; but there was no cessation in the activity of a mind fraught with benevolent purposes. Possessed of great wealth, he seems to have considered himself but as a steward intrusted with a useful application of it, and he devised, with as much judgment as human foresight is permitted to exercise, the establishments we are now to mention.

With the year 1373 began the formation of a school at Oxford, that of Winchester having much earlier been taken under his especial care; at each, masters were provided, and scholars, to the number of seventy, lodged and boarded at his sole charge. These were, however, but preliminary steps to the great and original plans contemplated, namely, the founding of colleges at Oxford and Winchester, with buildings, masters, and suitable appointments, and a perpetual maintenance for two hundred scholars, who, while receiving the advantage of liberal support, were trained from elementary learning through the whole circle of the sciences. So costly was this undertaking, that no individual, with a single exception, has had the means or generosity to emulate the example. This occurred in the person of King Henry VI., whose colleges at Eton and Cambridge were founded[3] upon principles scarcely varying from these models.

Wykeham was now fifty-five years old, and, in realizing his plans, found full scope for the display of matured genius. Neither the cares of state which he had encountered, nor the personal ease which so frequently inclines even great minds to passive inaction, could obliterate his predilections for architecture. Under this master of his art were perfected improvements in Gothic style which have procured for examples of this period the distinction of the pure or decorated English. These consist in increased boldness, highly wrought and varied sculpture, and enriched vaultings, with exterior ornaments of statuary, niched or canopied, upon the western or great entrance fronts of ecclesiastical buildings. With the taste to dictate and the wealth to execute such magnificent designs, he entered upon his tasks, and, in 1379, personally laid the first stone of the college familiarly termed New College, Oxford, but by himself “Sainte Marie College of Winchestre in Oxenford,” which was completed and its establishment inducted with much ceremony in 1386.

We may here be permitted to observe, that with every disposition to dwell upon the details and beauties of this and his succeeding works, want of space compels us, for the moment, to relinquish an intention to do so; but, as subjects of national interest, we shall recur to them, aided by illustrations calculated to render many peculiarities of this style available in modern practice.

But to resume our brief notices. Scarcely a year elapsed before the second, or St. Mary’s College, at Winchester, was in progress, and in six years fitted for the reception of its professors and students. In extent and style this edifice bears the strong impress of its founder, whose memory lives freshly in the veneration of his children, for such we may term those who are here nurtured and taught, and from amongst whom have stood forth many worthies of the church, and others of the highest attainments in science.

The next, and last, work of this eminent and excellent prelate, the construction of the western front, and the nave and aisles of his cathedral at Winchester, was commenced in 1394, and the 70th of his age; and in this instance the unimpaired vigour of his conceptions, and the extreme liberality with which he appropriated his resources, are equally subjects for lasting admiration. It was built by Walklyn, the first Norman bishop after the conquest; and in its governing features, extent and massiveness, is in the style so called. We have before mentioned the western front as the work of Wykeham, which, though mutilated by barbarian fanaticism, retains much of its splendour, and is a marked example of his manner. Entering by this door-way, we are at once upon the scene of his mightiest achievement;—the eye becomes fixed for a moment by the gorgeous colouring of the eastern window, then wanders upwards amidst the infinite tracery and adornment of the vault, and, having scanned the vastness of the pile, seeks repose in a more leisure examination of the isolated, but not less beautiful, objects of sculpture below.

Apart from associations and impressions induced by the aspect of Gothic temples upon the great scale, we here find the elements of solidity, propriety, and uniformity carefully preserved, and the enrichments distributed with a masterly hand; the groining of the roof springs from single shafts rising from octangular bases; the capitals are highly embellished with busts and foliage, and the frieze charged with bold and finely-sculptured bosses; in fact, we have here before us an era in the Gothic style, and a perfect adaptation of its capabilities, carried out with all the originality that distinguished the genius of the architect.

The various writers who have treated on the antiquities of Winchester agree that the effect produced by the columnar vista of the nave, in combination with the group of chantries and screens, is not surpassed by any spot in England, or in Europe. In minute Gothic, or shrine-work, it is also unrivalled. The tomb of Wykeham, executed, according to the practice of the middle ages, under his own direction, is the purest of all authorities in this style: it is placed within the mortuary chapel, or chantry, occupying the fifth arch from the west end, and is rich in canopies and tabernacle work; the latter originally contained statues of saints, particularly that of the Virgin, which stood against the same pillar, when in his youth he had worshipped here; but these have long since been destroyed, and the tomb despoiled also of the enchased escutcheons which adorned it. The marble figure represents the prelate as possessing full features, and a placid, benign, and intelligent countenance; it is clothed in full episcopal costume, the head resting upon a pillow supported by angels, and at the feet are three figures of one of the religious orders, in the attitude of prayer.

The life so usefully spent closed in the year 1404, leaving more durable and splendid memorials than it has been the lot of any other individual to rear. Having, for nearly half a century, held the highest stations, and possessed almost unbounded influence, we find it to have been exerted in a spirit far in advance of his times; and personal aggrandizement grew upon him as a consequence of undeviating integrity and universal benevolence; these great and marked qualities were evinced in pure and unabated loyalty to his prince, courtesies and services to his equals of the church and the nobles of the land; and, above all, in the kindness, forbearance, and mercy which he caused to be exercised towards the people of a yet unenlightened age.

William of Wykeham expired at his manor house, or palace, of Waltham, Hants, A.D. 1404, in the eightieth year of his age, and his remains rest under the tomb we have described. His life affords, perhaps, the most brilliant example on record of the combined power of industry and genius; the industry to acquire knowledge, and the genius to apply it in advance of preceding theories. His earliest employments seem to have been merely such as a tolerably well-educated man of the fourteenth century would find little difficulty in obtaining. Architecture was his diverging point from the monotony of ordinary life towards the greatness he achieved, his first essays appearing to have resulted from opportunities which casually fell in his way, but embraced with an alacrity inspired by self-confidence. Having once engaged in it, his fondness for the science knew no abatement, for however lofty his position in the state, or onerous his duties as a churchman, he found leisure to cultivate it; and having engrafted new and more impressive features upon the style he delighted in, may be said to have died in the exercise of this profession, just before the completion of his cathedral at Winchester.

So exalted were the stations and so extensive the influence he possessed, that the spirit of benevolence by which he was actuated had full scope for exertion. While serving his prince with unswerving loyalty, he found means to protect the people from oppression and exactions, and by numerous courtesies and services to the nobility, won them to a milder exercise of their territorial privileges; while in the relations of private intercourse, we are told that he was “the kindest and most generous of patrons, and the most constant and affectionate friend, rarely changing his officers or domestics, none leaving, or being deserted by him, and all receiving in their turn testimonies of his favour.”

By his hand the revenues of the church were disbursed in her service and to her honour, and, to use the words of Lowth, the whole period from the meridian of life to the end of his days was employed “in one continued series of generous actions and great designs, for the good of his friends, of the poor, and of his country.”

## OUR SERMON.

In adopting this heading for a series of articles, which will be continued as occasion offers, we are very far from intending to startle our readers with a rush of theological disquisition. In proof of our sincerity, and as an earnest of the gist of our discourses, we have chosen as a standing text, or motto, the golden rule of “peace and goodwill to all men;” but while we leave intact the functions of the divine, it is our business, as we conceive it to be our duty, to sermonize on the morals of trade, the social relations of every-day life, and even the proprieties which enhance every species of domestic enjoyment.

A right understanding of the relative duties of master and man, or of employer and the employed, yields to no subject in importance; peculiar incidents, induced by a rapidly increasing population, the tendency of commercial wealth to accumulate in masses, and its employment under the familiar term “capital,” through the agency of individuals, in the construction of great works, constitutes, however, an era in the Building trade to which former periods bear no very strict analogy. In offering our humble opinions upon actuating causes and their effects, be the subject what it may, we will never lose sight of our text; we shall make use neither of angry words nor denunciations; peace is too lovely to our minds, and charity too imperative to be abandoned; we would dispel the darker and sterner passions, giving every brother full credit for good intentions, and assign occasional deviations from the path of right rather to misfortune than intention. Whatever the class of men addressed or dealt with, this, we are convinced, is the best and only true policy. It may be very well for any one to talk of their anger being aroused, or their indignation excited, and so on, and under such pleas to vent abuse, imprecate a thousand vengeances, and the like, but, depend upon it, fear is less to be relied on than love; we would win a child to our love, not deter it by frowns and coercion;—we would have a thousand friends rather than a single enemy.

Who has not heard of the tale of the traveller, upon whom the sun and wind essayed their power? These elements, as the fable puts it, were at issue as to which was superior, and agreed to rest the decision upon the effect they should produce upon the first wayfarer. Well, first the wind fell to work, and blew with all his might, to compel the subject of their experiment to throw off his cloak, but the more vehemently the man was assailed, the closer he wrapped the garment about him; in turn the sun made trial of his power, and genial warmth soon accomplished what the bluster of the ruder element had made more and more difficult. So in human policy the kindly glow excited by generous sentiments and actions will succeed where threats, force, and even punishments have failed. The human heart has no such obduracies but that charity will overcome them.

It is a part of our present purpose to refer to practical benevolence of this nature, and it will be found in an extract from the Leeds Mercury, given in another part of our paper, on the subject of the treatment of workpeople, by Sir John Guest, at Merthyr Tydvil, and the Messrs. Marshall, of Leeds. These, thank God, and for the honour of our country, are not solitary instances. These gentlemen stand not alone in the practice of that soundest principle of Christian political economy which instructs the rich to dispense of their abundance for the benefit of their poorer brethren. We have Master Builders in every department, proprietors of large works and establishments, whose names we could hold up to the admiration of their craft and country, but we will not do this violence to their unobtrusive merit, neither will we invite invidious comparisons by such selections; we would rather hold up these Christian duties for common emulation, and call upon all to “go and do likewise.”

We open, then, our exhortations to Masters, because we know that the first impulse of benignant power must originate with them; kindness from them may be likened to the sun in its influence, and most surely will it be returned with usurious interest “into their basket and their store.”

Who ever saw the good father of a family putting firm faith in virtue and honour, and regulating his household by their dictates, failing to raise up virtuous, amiable, and honourable citizens? or, to put the case stronger, who ever knew the man that acted upon opposite principles succeed in sowing any thing but vice and discord? Depend upon it, then, the same principles and rules apply in business, from the overseer of the smallest undertaking to the governor of a nation. Fatherly solicitude for those under our care, or for whom we bear any responsibility, is as solemn and sacred a duty as the fulfilment of contracts or engagements; nay, it is the first of duties between man and man.

On the other hand, as to the workman,—fidelity—and more, the same generous kindness towards his master is required, as that he would receive; in fact, “to do unto others us you would be done by,” is the great and universal secret of social happiness.

It is with this view of relative duties that we deem it of as much importance to engage ourselves in giving good counsel to our craft, as in enlightening them on principles of science pertaining to their several callings; for of what avail will it be to a man to possess all the knowledge of his art, if his heart be corrupt, or continue under vicious influences? Away with, as dross, all the ability of the engineer, architect, master builder, or workman, if the man be not endowed with moral excellence. What are beautiful designs, imposing structures, mechanical skill, or ingenious artifice in workmanship, without a mind and heart in harmony with the superior inspirations which virtue alone bestows? This, this indeed must come first as the base of the pyramid. In any other case the pyramid may be there, but it topples, leans, or lies on its side; the same inherent beauty may exist, but its position and action are superadded elements of deformity. Oh, how beautiful the human mind when lit up and guided by the impulses of virtue! how terrible and loathsome when passion and gaunt sensuality have their sway!

Guard, my beloved countrymen, against avarice, envy, malice; avoid contentions; be moderate in the desire of gain; repine not at another’s success in life, or the distinctions he may attain to; cast all rancorous suggestions far from your heart; contend not in any unholy spirit of craving competition;[4] “live, and let live,” is a maxim which we conjure you at all times to observe.

In times of commercial depression, aggravate not your own or another’s suffering; these, like seasons of sickness and malady, must and will have their recurrences, and they will recur more frequently, and press more grievously, where brotherly love and charity, the great preventative and remedy of human ills, are neglected. Let none imagine it his privilege to be exempt from these obligations; let us not, because we see a neighbour unmindful of his duties in any of the multifarious walks of life, think ourselves justified in departing from our superior policy; neither must we judge and condemn; inflict, if you will, pains and penalties on yourself, but you have no right to do so on another.

Pardon us, good brothers of our building fraternity, and you who do us the favour to lend an ear to our counsellings, if we thus seek to engage your attention, and offer our well-meant importunings. Should your approving suffrages incite a continuance of our vocation, it will be our ambition to discuss the relative duties of the stations you respectively fill—master, apprentice, or workman; father, brother, son, or husband; neighbour or friend; and to do as we have now done, namely, try to improve each and all, and in doing so, promote, in some degree, the cause of human happiness.

## TREATMENT OF WORK-PEOPLE BY THEIR EMPLOYERS.

In an article under this head it was mentioned that the parliamentary inquiry into the payment of wages in goods had shewn, that there are persons extensively engaged in manufactures of various kinds, who feel that the employment of bodies of workpeople involves a degree of responsibility to care for their general well-being, and who act on that conviction in a manner highly creditable to themselves, and conducive to the excellent object they have in view. These employers are of opinion that to regard as a machine a man whose skill or industry assists them to maintain their own families in respectability, is altogether unchristian, and that by viewing workpeople in such a light, they would deprive themselves of some of the finest opportunities of usefulness, and of cementing the bonds of society.

Of course, as the intention in moving for a committee of the House of Commons was to expose grievances, it was not likely that any examples of conduct distinguished for its humanity would be found in the pages of the report. As we remarked, however, when formerly writing on the subject, illustrations of this kind might be obtained by any one from our own neighbourhood. We had only last week the pleasure of visiting an extensive range of school buildings just erected on the best principles, in connection with Messrs. Marshall’s mill at Holbeck. In that suite of rooms there are between 300 and 400 children under daily instruction, independent of about 160 boys, who work half-time at the factory, and are at school either in the morning or afternoon of every day; the same gentlemen have also instituted girls’ and infant schools (which are situated elsewhere), and a night school, attended by young men and women from the mill, whose improvement in conduct as well as attainments, in consequence of this arrangement, is spoken of as highly gratifying. In the several schools every thing seems to be done to promote the comfort of the young, and to cultivate habits of cleanliness and decorum, as well as to impart an excellent plain education.[2] Plans for affording the means of recreation to the adult workpeople have also been devised in connection with these buildings; and all manifests that a sincere interest is felt by the members of the firm in the welfare of every class in their employ.

The principal example of attention to the interests of workpeople which came under the notice of the parliamentary committee, was that of Sir John Guest and Co., at their iron and coal works, Dowlais. These works, which were established from thirty to forty years since, “in an isolated place on the top of a hill,” in Glamorganshire, have now a town around them (Merthyr Tydvil), and nearly 5,000 persons are employed by this firm alone. In the first instance, great difficulty was experienced by the workpeople in procuring the means of lodging, but in the course of time this was removed by the erection of a large number of cottages at the expense of the company, and by the people being encouraged to build dwellings for themselves. The cottages belonging to the firm are stated to be low-rented, convenient, well built, well drained, and the taking of them is quite optional with the workpeople; while the granting of loans to steady men to build cottages for themselves has been pursued to a considerable extent, and has been found to attach them to the place, to keep them from the ale-house, and to produce and confirm in them a feeling of independence.

The amount of each individual’s wages at this extensive establishment is settled every Friday evening, and the whole of the hands are paid on the morning of Saturday; shewing that a large number of workpeople is no barrier to the early payment of wages if employers are determined to adopt that highly beneficial practice.

Nearly twenty-four years ago, Sir John Guest and his partners recognised the responsibility which attached to them as employers by erecting large schools, near the works at Dowlais, chiefly for the education of the children of their workmen, but (like Messrs. Marshall) not confined to them. There are at present about 220 girls and 250 boys under instruction, the children being admitted at the age of six, and usually remaining until thirteen years old. The teachers are well paid, and the whole expenses of the schools are defrayed by the workpeople and employers together, in the following manner:—Twopence in the pound is stopped every week “for the doctor” from the wages of every one in the works, of which 1½d. is appropriated to provide medical attendance for the families of the workmen, and the remainder goes towards the support of the schools. Each child is also expected to pay one penny a week, and whatever is wanting to make up the amount incurred in maintaining the educational establishments is contributed by the company. In connection with the schools, it is worthy of notice that Mr. Evans, the manager at Dowlais (from whose evidence our facts are drawn), expressed before the committee a strong conviction, as the result both of his own observation for above twenty years, and of the statements of colliers themselves, that for a collier to put his child to work in the pits very young is decidedly bad economy; instead of gaining, the family loses by it in the long run, while the unfortunate victim of error or cupidity becomes decrepit and unfit for work when individuals of the same age are in possession of mature strength. Very few of the children taught in the schools at Dowlais become colliers, the greater number being qualified for employment as carpenters, smiths, and, in some instances, even book-keepers. “We derive very great advantage,” says Mr. Evans, “from having children in the works who have been educated there; they are of great use to us.” Here, then, is a proof to masters who have not yet exerted themselves for the elevation of the families dependent on them, but are disposed to do so, that such a course is not only beneficial to others, but brings a reward to every one who adopts it. The medical attendants on the workpeople at Dowlais consist of three regular surgeons and a dispenser, whose services are remunerated chiefly by the money stopped from the wages. In 1827 a fund for the relief of the sick and aged was formed, one penny in the pound being stopped every week to furnish the necessary supply for the wants of those who are thus unable to provide for themselves; this fund is at the disposal of a committee, elected yearly by all the contributors.

From the peculiar circumstances of the district, when the works of Sir John Guest and Co. were established, and for many years after, it was desirable and even needful that the firm should afford their workpeople the means of obtaining the necessaries of life by maintaining a shop on the premises. In 1823, however, they closed it, but once again opened it at the request of the men in 1828. On the act against truck shops being passed in 1831, the workmen were called together and desired to state whether they wished the store belonging to the firm still to be continued. The votes were taken by ballot, and thirteen only were given for the discontinuance; but as there was not perfect unanimity, the company thought it best that the shop should be finally closed at that time; and the increase of population having had the usual effect of attracting private individuals to supply the wants of the community, the only result of this step was to shut up an establishment where the labouring classes were always sure of buying good articles at a moderate price. The accommodation being no longer necessary, we think the company’s decision was a wise one.

It is gratifying to find that no loss whatever has been entailed on Sir John Guest and Co. by all the beneficial regulations adopted by them on behalf of their workpeople. On the contrary, “by the education of the people,” Mr. Evans states, “we have gained more than we have spent upon them.” And this gentleman expressed himself as feeling certain that if a similar system were extended over the manufacturing and mining districts of the whole country, it would prove the cheapest and most effectual mode of benefiting both the working classes and employers, and consequently society at large. Of course, the details of the system at Dowlais, or at any other establishment of which an account is before the public, are not essential to its being adopted with advantage in other parts of the country, though the success which has attended those plans gives them a title to careful consideration; the thing to be desired is, that each employer should ask himself how far he can adopt the principle, and then carry into operation the dictates of his own judgment and conscience.—Leeds Mercury.

[2] The ventilation of the new school-rooms appears to be remarkably effective—a point of great importance where so many individuals are for three hours at a time congregated together. The playground also is being extremely well laid out.

## Reviews.

Temples, Ancient and Modern, or Notes on Church Architecture. By William Bardwell, Architect. London: Fraser & Co., and Williams.

Mr. Bardwell, in the Preface to this work, states his object to be—

“To endeavour to excite among architects a spirit of inquiry such as cannot fail to prevent a repetition of those improprieties the existence of which in our public edifices has so long afforded subject for complaint and matter for criticism;” and “to put an end to that inconsistency which is the cause of error,—namely, the tyranny of custom and the caprice of fashion: which, while they compel the modern architect to copy in little and with meaner materials the sublime works of revered antiquity, indulge a laugh at his expense, because his reproduction fails to excite those sensations of pleasure and admiration which are inseparable from a contemplation of the original.”

Passing over the first three chapters of the work, which, although they contain much excellent matter of opinion, to which all may subscribe, do nevertheless open a door to controversy, and this it is our desire to avoid,—we come to Chapter IV. This is headed “Errors in the details of late-erected Churches, a connected series of critical observations;” and has for its object, by stringing together a number of critiques from the Gentleman’s Magazine and other sources, to call attention to the prevalent errors of past design, and to enunciate correct principles for future practice. We quite agree with Mr. Bardwell, that “notwithstanding the querulous tone in which the writers have occasionally indulged, the extracts contain many hints that may be permanently useful;” and would wish that the spirit of a following paragraph could be always borne in mind by the critic and reviewer. “The legitimate object of criticism,” says our author, “is to improve the future, rather than to cast ill-natured censure upon the past.” However, we cannot take exception to Mr. Bardwell’s discharge of his duty. He has most appositely given these extracts through a whole chapter, and placed them in admirable order for study and profitable reflection. No one can read through this chapter attentively without being impressed with a desire to contribute his part to the rectification of such errors as are therein pointed out—it will awaken many to an active investigation where other modes of expression or remonstrance would probably fail.

In Chapter V. Mr. Bardwell enters into the great question that awaits us at every approach to a comprehensive study in architecture—the origin. Speculation on this point is in its nature endless; but it is highly gratifying to feel occasionally that we are thrown in the way of facts, and such it is the province of this chapter to treat us to. With a little prefatory matter in the way of an assault upon the hitherto deemed orthodox authorities on such subjects, and upon the principle of adherence to rule and precedent, and upon the little fables of an inventive tradition, assigning to this accident or that the origin of this or that feature, plan, and style, we come to the “burden of the book,”—Temples; and have a most interesting dissertation on those of ancient character, or on what we may more aptly term sacred edifices, memorials, or monuments.

“An altar of turf or of stones, stones of memorial, such as that set up at the grave of Jacob’s beloved Rachel, the great stone near the oak at Shechem, Absalom’s Pillar, Jacob’s Bethel, Samuel’s Ebenezer, the Gilgal, or circle of stones, of Joshua; a heap of unhewn stones, the Pandoo Koolies, of Hindostan, the numerous pillars set up by the Phœnician merchants, on the shores of the Mediterranean, in France, in Sweden; and in Great Britain, circles and rows of huge stones, like those of Stonehenge, Abury, &c.; cromlechs and logan stones, a portable ark, or tabernacle, were the first sacred monuments. Next came the pyramid, a cylinder, whether a cippus or a column; a cubical block, with a particular member superadded to the regularity of mathematical proportions. A sphere and a tetrahedron; and last succeeded a vase covered with a flat lid, and adorned with various sculptures from the vegetable and marine world.”

Thus Mr. Bardwell connects with religion the[5] first memorable and permanent efforts of Building Art—sacrifice he shows to have been associated with, and to have guided the workings of, the first builders, from the “primeval altar of little more than a raised hearth, built generally of unhewn stones,” to the “column or stone pillar of mystic character—‘And Jacob rose up early in the morning, and took the stone that he had put for his pillow, and set it up for a pillar, and poured oil upon the top of it; and he called the name of that place Beth-El.’” “The Greeks also erected pillars which they called ‘Baitulia,’ evidently derived from Beth-El, involving the same mystery, and both supposed to be symbols of the Divine Presence.”

Chapter VI. increases in interest, and is devoted to the Temple of Ammon.

“The Temple of Ammon, the remains of which archæologists, for many powerful reasons, agree are extant in the enormous pile known as the Temple of Karnac, is by far the most extensive, as well as the most ancient, of the Theban edifices; properly belonging to the whole period of the monarchy, and may with propriety be termed the Temple of the Pharaohs, the majority of whom, in succession, more particularly such as are celebrated in history, contributed their efforts to its enlargement and magnificence. From numerous authorities it seems clear that Ham, the son of Noah, the Amun, Ammon, or Osiris of the Egyptians, must be considered as the original founder of Thebes, or the city of Ammon, as his son Mizraim, Misor, or Menes, was by common consent the founder of Memphis; so that the temple of Ammon or Ham was, in all probability, originally named from its founder, like the Temple of Solomon at Jerusalem.”

We cannot take our readers along with us as we would by quoting largely from this interesting chapter, nor will we presume to dispose of the work by this brief and imperfect notice; it deserves much more at our hands; it is written with an enlarged feeling, and a genuine spirit of devotion to the sublime art upon which it treats; it is erudite, and occasionally profound; but we must take our leave of it for the present, concluding with another extract from the same chapter.

“The remains of Karnac are about 2,500 feet from the banks of the Nile, on an artificial elevation, surrounded by a brick wall, about 6,300 yards in circuit. The chief front of the temple (the western) is turned towards the river, with which it was connected by an alley of colossal crio-sphinxes, leading down to the bank of the river. Here the devotee would land who came from a distance to the shrine of Ammon, and with amazement and a feeling of religious awe would he slowly walk along between the majestic and tranquil sphinxes to the still more magnificent propylæ of the building. This colossal entrance is about 360 feet long and 148 high; the great door in the middle is 64 feet high. Passing through this door-way, he would enter a long court, occupied by a row of pillars on the north and south sides, and a double row of taller pillars running down the middle. These pillars terminated opposite to two colossal statues in front of a second propylon, through which, after ascending a flight o’ twenty-seven steps, we enter the great hypostyle hall, which had a flat stone roof, supported by one hundred and thirty-four colossal pillars, some of which are twenty-six feet in circumference, and others thirty-four. The width of this magnificent hall (for the entrance is in the centre of the longest side) is about 338 feet, and the length or depth 170 feet. The centre column supported a clere-story, in which were small windows. Four beautiful obelisks mark the entrance to the adytum, which consists of three apartments entirely of granite. The centre or principal room is 20 feet long, 16 wide, and 13 feet high. Three blocks of granite form the roof, which is painted with clusters of gilt stars on a blue ground. Beyond this are other porticos and galleries, which have been continued to another propylon at the distance of 2,000 feet from that at the western extremity of the temple.”

English Patents for 1841. By Andrew Pritchard, M.R.I., &c. Whitaker and Co., London. 2s. 6d.

We had commenced the selection of a list of patents from this excellent compendium, with the intention of laying before our readers all those pertaining to the Building Art, but found that we should have to reprint nearly the whole of the book; so comprehensive is the range we have chosen, and so ingenious the class we have the honour to serve. Of 441 patents herein entered, by far the largest proportion are as we have stated; and we can only, therefore, refer to the work itself. Besides the above list of patents, there is appended a copy of Letters Patent, an abstract of the Registration of Designs Act, and a notice respecting its operation, concluding with a useful Index, which shews at one glance what you would refer to. The value of such a work as this is not to be estimated. All persons intending to take out patents should look over its pages, as it may save much trouble and expense. We know of many who would have been great gainers had they had such a guide at their elbows.

## MISCELLANEOUS.

There is a consideration which entitles architecture to a decided pre-eminence amongst the other arts. It is itself the parent of many separate professions, and requires a combination of talents and an extent of knowledge for which other professions have not the smallest occasion. An acquaintance with the sciences of geometry and mechanical philosophy, with the arts of sculpture and design, and other abstruse and elegant branches of knowledge, are indispensable requisites in the education of a good architect, and raise his art to a vast height above those professions which practice alone can render familiar, and which consist in the mere exertion of muscular force. From these considerations it appears there is some foundation in the very nature of architecture for those extraordinary privileges to which masons have always laid claim, and which they have almost always possessed—privileges which no other artists could have confidence to ask, or liberty to enjoy.—Ency. Brit., Vol. XIV., p. 280.

Alison on French Architecture.—In France we find that public works have been reared at an expense not exceeding that of edifices of little or no excellence in our own country, even although the charges of building are not materially different in the two countries. So true it is, that the most essential elements in architectural beauty—genius and taste in the architect, are beyond the power of mere wealth to command—that it is not money to construct beautiful edifices, but the mind to conceive them, which is generally wanting. It would seem, therefore, that it is the pure taste and noble conceptions of the artists of Southern Europe, rather than in any great excellence in the materials at their command, or the wealth of which they have the disposal, to which we must ascribe their remarkable superiority to those of this country.

Devonshire House, Piccadilly.—The additions and alterations which are being made to this fine old mansion, the residence of His Grace the Duke of Devonshire, are proceeding rapidly, and will add considerably to the extent as well as to its internal arrangements. Mr. Decimus Burton is the architect, and Messrs. Woolcott and Son are the contractors, for these works, which will yet take many months to complete. The Duke is for the present staying at his princely abode, Chatsworth.

Church Extension.—There are now twelve new churches building, or about to be commenced, in various parts of the metropolis; one in the Kent-road, in the parish of St. George, Southwark; one in the parish of Paddington; another on the site of the Old Broadway Chapel, Westminster; a large church, with a lofty Gothic tower, in which a musical peal of bells is to be placed, in Wilton-square, Knightsbridge; three in Bethnal-green parish, and a church in St. Pancras parish. Sites have been chosen for a new church in the Waterloo-road district of Lambeth parish; another in St. Botolph Without, Aldgate, in the county of Middlesex; and a third in St. George’s-in-the-East. The new parish church of St. Giles’s, Camberwell, building on the site of the old edifice, which was destroyed by fire, is progressing rapidly, and will be a noble and spacious edifice. The new church at Paddington will be a great ornament to that neighbourhood. The University of Durham has granted 400l. towards the erection of a new church at South Shields. It is intended to build a new Roman Catholic Church in the eastern part of the metropolis. The site chosen is a large piece of ground on the south side of the Commercial-road, and it is expected that the total cost of the edifice and the purchase of the ground will not fall short of 30,000l.

## NOTICES.

To Advertisers.—This first impression of Five Thousand is reserved for sale in London and the large Provincial Towns. The next impression of five thousand will be stamped, so as to pass post-free, and will be circulated gratuitously on the 7th of January, 1843, amongst that number of the nobility, gentry, clergy, professional men, and principal tradesmen, all over the United Kingdom, according to a list which has most generously been placed at our disposal for that purpose by a friend. It is important, therefore, to advertisers that they should seize the opportunity thus afforded them of a special and select notification of their business among a class of such importance. It may be affirmed, indeed, that a circulation of this character and amount is superior to one of four times the number of copies dispersed at random, in the ordinary way of sale. Additional advertisements, therefore (if sufficient in number) will be inserted in a Supplement to accompany this gratuitous circulation, as well as the future sale, and should be sent to the Office at latest, on Thursday, the 5th of January. The charge for advertisements in the Supplement will be 15s. per quarter column, 1l. 10s. per half column, and so on; smaller advertisements according to agreement. To insure more attention to the Supplement, as well as to secure an additional circulation for it, it will contain matter of interest as to the progress of the first impression, correspondence, and the like. Our prospects hitherto have been so far gratifying as to give us confidence that the whole number of 20,000 copies of the Precursor will be disposed of!

To our Readers.—As we do not choose to trust our own judgment on a subject in which so many are interested besides ourselves, and as it is so easy to obtain an opinion by which we may be guided, we think it right in this place to invite attention to our views on the subject of the future character of “The Builder.” Before a month shall have elapsed, at least 20,000 numbers of this paper will, in all probability, have been circulated, and will have passed under the review of twenty times that number of readers. They, and in particular our Building friends, will have made up their minds as to whether “The Builder” is a work to be encouraged—it certainly is not our desire to attempt to force the point, although we would use a little “gentle violence” to develope the evidence—and this we may be supposed to be doing now. We have said that there are two parties to this, as to every other question—the public and ourselves. It is not for us to tell the public that they know nothing of their own wants, and to attempt to force them into the belief that such a paper as “The Builder” is absolutely necessary, but unless we had taken this step on our own responsibility, the question would have remained undetermined. What we would ask of the Building public then is—Do you wish to have a periodical devoted to your interests, as we propose? and whether would you have it a Magazine and Advertiser simply, or as a Newspaper conjoined? In the former case it might be weekly or monthly, in the latter it must necessarily be weekly. As to the price and size: If a Magazine and Advertiser of twelve pages of the size of our present number, we should say 3d. the number, stamped 4d.; if a Newspaper of sixteen pages, we do not think it could be less than 6d. Every body has seen the Illustrated London News, and allowing for difference in the character of the illustrations (those in “The Builder” being devoted entirely to art and science), you will be able to judge of the appearance which the latter will present. We are only anxious to undertake no more, or, no less, than can reasonably be expected to be carried out. If it should appear from experience of the working that more can be accomplished, we shall most gladly acknowledge and act upon it, by either enlarging the paper, or reducing the price. But we still think that to conjoin the character of a Magazine and Newspaper, and at the cost of one to give the advantages of both, will be to study the true economy of our cause.

The readers, therefore, have much of the settlement of the question in their own hands—even to the influencing of the advertisers. All advertisers look for papers of large circulation, and as advertisements are a great means of support to a newspaper, it is evident that the more “The Builder” is supported by the mere reader, by so much the more does it stand a chance of support from advertisers. We venture, therefore, to speak in this business as though we were ourselves less concerned in its issue than we really feel to be—and we urge upon our honoured fellow-craftsmen to make this paper their own. Let it be a sign or standard of union.

We do not ask to have subscriptions forwarded, but we would respectfully request to be favoured by an immediate intimation front all parties as to their willingness to subscribe, and which they would prefer, a Magazine alone, or Magazine and Newspaper.

We trust it will be considered that we are pursuing a straightforward and ingenuous course, willing to be guided by circumstances, rather than to seek to force or control them, or to stake upon our own presumptuous judgment that which a prudent and discreet man would say should be left to the decision of the common voice and experience.

Pardon us if we once more urge you to rally round “The Builder.”

[6]

## ADVERTISEMENTS.

BAZAAR PANCLIBANON, 58, BAKER-STREET, PORTMAN-SQUARE.—KITCHEN RANGES, STOVE GRATES, FURNISHING IRONMONGERY.—The stock of this vast establishment has been renewed, with an extensive selection of every description of domestic furniture, usually found in the ironmongery department. Every requisite for the Kitchen, in Copper, Iron, or Tin, of first-rate qualities, the prices being marked in plain figures, for READY MONEY. Kitchen ranges and cooking apparatus upon approved principles, including useful and modern improvements. The higher class of goods comprises an enlarged assortment of register and stove grates, in steel and black metal, with fenders and fire-irons to correspond, suitable to drawing and dining rooms, libraries, halls, and chambers, in various styles of ornamental embellishment now in vogue, and of improved modes of construction, calculated to insure safety with economy.

A very large assemblage of baths, of sound make, and adapted to all purposes of health and comfort; comprehending shower, plunge, and vapour baths; those proper to the nursery, with hip, foot, and knee baths, and peculiar shapes convenient for embrocation; among these enumerated, are varieties fitted with practical improvements for the ready application of this valuable resource to the invalid, or in cases of sudden indisposition.

A commodious saloon has been added to receive a new stock containing Appendages to the tea table, including papier maché and iron tea trays of great beauty of design, and tasteful display of ornament. Tea and coffee urns and coffee machines of the best quality, of London make, comprising every useful improvement in those articles.

Tea services in Britannia metal, of superior quality, and in considerable variety of shape and pattern. A costly display of plain and enriched British plate of peculiar elegance of design and execution, chiefly work from silver models, together with suites of spoons, tongs, and caddies, knives and forks en suite, to which may be added table and gravy spoons, soup ladles, fish knives, slices, with the more consequential objects proper to the dining table. Turbot and venison dishes and covers; square, round, and oval-corner dishes; epergnes, cruet stands, &c. &c.

The stock of wire-work is the largest in the kingdom, and comprises every variety requisite for the hall or veranda, conservatory, terrace, or room window. Trellis work, trainers, baskets, arches, temples, and alcoves, of new and beautiful designs, and of first class workmanship.

Every article is plainly exhibited, with the ready money price affixed, and warranted of the best make.

BAZAAR.—SINGULARLY BEAUTIFUL HISTORICAL GROUP IN MAGNIFICENT ARMOUR.—The splendid Royal Cot in which is the Prince of Wales with the Princess Royal of England. The King of Prussia. Commissioner Lin and his Consort, modelled by Lamqua, of Canton, expressly for this exhibition; the gorgeous robes in which they are represented were actually worn by them at the period of their sad catastrophe. George the Fourth in his resplendent Coronation Robes, designed by himself, and executed in crimson and blue imperial velvet, richly embroidered in gold, by eminent artists, at an expense of 18,000l. This dazzling spectacle is seen in a spacious boudoir of costly architecture, elaborately wrought in carvings and gold, from one lately existing in the Palace of Carlton House, and is acknowledged to be the most splendid sight ever offered to the British public. Admittance One Shilling. Open from Eleven in the morning until dusk, and from Seven until Ten.

Madame Tussaud and Sons’ Bazaar, Baker-street, Portman-square.

BAZAAR CARRIAGE DEPARTMENT, BAKER-STREET, PORTMAN-SQUARE.—An immense variety of every description of new and second-hand Carriages are constantly on sale, in the spacious galleries of the Establishment, at very reduced prices; most of the new Carriages being warranted for twelve months. Purchasers may place the greatest reliance upon their being of the best materials and workmanship, by highly respectable builders. Carriages are sold by auction on the first Friday in the month, during the season.

BAZAAR SADDLERY DEPARTMENT, 58, BAKER-STREET, PORTMAN-SQUARE.—HARNESS, SADDLERY, AND HORSE CLOTHING.—Every article manufactured in this establishment, being sold at the lowest price, consistent with the best quality of materials and workmanship, will be found to be 25 per cent. under the usual trade charges.

PRESERVATION FROM COLD AND WET.

HALL & CO. invite attention to their invaluable INDIA-RUBBER GOLOSHES, which most effectually preserve the Feet from Cold and Damp, and are neater, more durable, and cheaper than the most superior Golosh or Clog ever before offered.

COMFORT AND EASE FOR THE FEET

Are secured by their Patent Pannus-Corrium or Leather Cloth Boots and Shoes, as being the softest, easiest, lightest, most elastic, and comfortable for Tender Feet, arising from whatever cause. These qualities they retain to the last. They are also adapted to all climates, and are as durable and cheap as those made of any other material.

Also their elastic India-rubber Spring Boots entirely supersede the use of buttons, straps, ties, laces, or other fastenings, and afford the most complete security and support to the ankle.

PROTECTION FROM THE STORM

Is afforded by their Portable Waterproof Dresses. The Gentleman’s Dress, comprising Cape, Leggings, and Hood, may be conveniently deposited in the coat-pocket. The Ladies’ Manteau Cardinal effectually shelters the person and dress from injury, and may be folded and deposited in the reticule. These dresses never retain moisture, and are impervious to rain, snow, or hail.

Gentlemen’s complete Suit, One Guinea.

Manteau Cardinal for Ladies, 18s.

HALL & CO., Sole Patentees, Wellington-street, Strand, London.

PATENT GAS and LAMP CHIMNEY.—COGAN’S ECONOMIC ELONGATOR, secured by her Majesty’s Letters Patent, is superior to any hitherto introduced to the public, produces a more brilliant light, and so effectually prevents smoke, that Gas may now be introduced into the best-furnished apartments, without fear or injury to its adornments. Lace-merchants, shawl-warehousemen, and others, will find it worthy their adoption. Common Lamps, with this simple chimney, though burning inferior oil, will give light equal to the Solar, and without smell.

Proprietors of gas-works, gas-fitters, gas-dealers, and others, desirous of becoming agents for the same, will please to make early application to R. COGAN, 48, Leicester-square, where the trade may be supplied with lamp and gas glasses, together with clock and figure shades of every description, cheaper than at any house in London. Priced lists of nearly 100 engraved patterns of gas glasses will be sent to any part of the kingdom by forwarding the address.

French and English fancy glass, alabaster ornaments, China shades, &c.

BUILDERS’ COLLEGE, LONDON.—To PARENTS AND GUARDIANS.—Mr. HANSOM, Architect of the Birmingham Town Hall, &c. &c., has associated with his practice an Institution to give enlarged facilities to students in Architecture and Architectural Engineering; and to form a superior class of Architectural Sculptors, Carvers, Modellers, &c., to be engaged in his own office and works until competent to practise a liberal and lucrative profession.

It has been Mr. Hansom’s study to lay down a plan for the instruction of architectural decorators and furnishers, which shall combine the advantages of the school, the office, and the workshop; so that general education, professional training, and handicraft skill may be acquired and perfected together—that the benefits of college discipline, and residence of systematic tuition under proficient masters, of lectures and examinations, and of constant familiarity with books, models, and works may be united in one establishment.

Pupils are eligible at the age of fourteen and upwards, and are articled in the usual manner as apprentices. The terms are moderate, and with other particulars, may be known on application at the office, 27, Foley-place, London.

The importance of a system of education as above proposed, it is scarcely necessary to point out. While other callings and professions are crowded, those to which this Institution principally refers are but rarely, and in many instances, imperfectly practised, and the demand for proficients is every day wonderfully on the increase. In proof of this, we need only to advert to the evidences of the growing public taste, and to note the tone and temper of the professors and patrons of architecture. Witness also the ornamented character of our public and private edifices, the restoration of ecclesiastical structures, and the building of new ones, on a munificent scale; the late fearful ravages of fire, causing the necessity of a large amount of rebuilding, and leading, most probably, to the remodelling of most of the large cities of Europe. All these circumstances tell how important it is that a school should be founded, and a body of professors formed to fill up the vacuity in that section of art which lies between the mere constructor of buildings, and the architect and engineer who gives the plan of the structure.

In fact, it is only in obedience to that law of general movement which characterizes these times, that the institution in question has had its birth—the universal voice calls for advance—the arts of design are to be revived, and the debasement of centuries cast off. Schools are being established under government patronage, and mechanics’ institutes were but a phase of progress—the thirst for knowledge has been stimulated, but not gratified. There remains, then, to be formed an institution wherein the theory and practice of art may accompany each other; and this is proposed by the Builders’ College.

Thus, while the pupil will be made familiar with the best examples of ancient and modern decoration by means of books, drawings, models, and the inspection of buildings; while he will be instructed in the principles of design, and in the science of construction upon which they depend; while he will be made a skilful draughtsman and colourist, he will be trained in the handicraft arts, so as to be able to produce the works themselves, the objects of his study and investigation.

But in addition to all this, it is necessary that he learn so much of practical mechanics, mathematics, and of experimental and natural philosophy, as to be guided in his art by the rationale which these supply. Mechanical laws and mechanical powers have a wide range of influence in the arts of design; for how shall a man embellish his work appropriately who knows not the former, or how economize in the use and application of machinery, without being conversant with the latter? Mathematical science, in particular as to the properties of figures and of numbers, is essential to him—and as to sound, light, and heat—as to the ventilation of buildings, supply of water, and drainage—as to chemical constituents and processes affecting the preparation, combination, and preservation of his materials—as to the natural fitness of metals and minerals, of vegetable and even animal products to be used in building—as to the vast suggestive sources of construction and of ornament that exist in the whole arcanum of nature—how, in all these respects, shall the pupil make efficient or rational progress; or how acquire a mastery of his art, unless he study and be made acquainted with the sciences and laws that bear upon and illustrate its several elements?

History, and, indeed, general literature, as bearing upon the subject of his inquiries, will demand a share of his attention. It is not, however, to be supposed that the pupil can be critically or curiously learned in all these, nor, on the other hand, that a superficial knowledge will avail; but it is considered that by confining attention to the matter of each that strictly pertains to architecture, and by combining as far as possible, in one establishment, the means of pursuing an unbroken scheme of instruction, that the evils of a too general and desultory system of study, and of widely-scattered sources of information, will be largely remedied.

The bringing together of a number of youths and their associate teachers, probably from all quarters of the world (as already promises to be the case); the contact of various minds, influenced by various national peculiarities, but all bent upon one comprehensive enterprise of attainment; the working together in the various practical development of progress, under practical instructors, and for practical and intelligible ends—these, and a number of other circumstances of a favouring character, must conduce to a rapid progress and an extensive and sound proficiency.

And not least in the assumed merits of this Institution are the features pertaining to ordinary or general school education; the neglect of early youth may be repaired here, or the acquirements of that period secured, and directed to practical purposes; arithmetic, mensuration, book-keeping, classic literature, and the French, German, and Italian languages, which are almost essential to the education of an artist, will be taught in their due routine, and the facility for acquiring them considerably enlarged by association with students and tutors speaking the respective languages of their own countries.

By uniting, therefore, the pursuit of knowledge to a strict system of supervision and instruction—of regular and fixed hours of employment and recreation, and of constant practical tendencies, engaging the students in the designing, fabricating, and applying objects of art, confiding to them at proper opportunities and periods the superintendence of works and workmen, and giving them at the same time the benefits of social converse with their fellows and tutors, whether in study, work, recreation, or refection; paying a strict attention to their morals, habits, and health; in fine, by aiming at the best practical union of the home, the school, the workshop, and the studio, it is hoped that a fine class of men may be produced, fitted to the exigencies of the times, and calculated to advance the arts, and do honour to their country. Neither is this attempt so novel or so extraordinary as it may seem; the history of art in former times, and the practice of contemporary professors abroad, give sanction to the scheme. It is not with every man a gift or a passion to apply himself to teaching in conjunction with the practice of his art, but some of the greatest names of antiquity and of this present age are associated with schools and styles, and indeed it is an important question to be put, as to whether the business of education, paramount as it is above all other business, should not be conducted by and confided to practical men.

Let the groundwork be well laid in the minds of the ardent and generous of our young countrymen. Let their ambition to excel be honestly encouraged and directed. Open to them the pages of past history, as to the glorious and sublime achievements of the architects and associate artists of old, and point out to them the path of equal, or it may be greater distinction (for who shall say what mechanical and chemical science, allied to the inspiration of genius, may produce); and we shall no more hear of the complaints of inferiority, or of the want of original talent in the Fine Arts among our countrymen.

It may be urged by many that this is a gigantic work, and should be left to the government, or a company. A moment’s reflection, however, will check the thought of the former in an English breast, and the interference of companies with objects of private enterprize, is, perhaps, as much to be deprecated. That this is a legitimate object of private enterprize, may be inferred from what has been already said as to ancient and contemporary practice. And in a matter where so much depends upon the bias of the heart—where fatherly care, as much as artistic sentiment is needed, to guide and form the student—where every interest of the superior is bound up with that of the pupil, associating the success of the former in his practice, with the probity and proficiency of the latter—where an intelligent conception of interest and duty reigns in the mind of the principal—these, it is presumed, offer the strongest guarantees of success, when other arrangements, through companies or co-partnerships, under boards of directors and managers, would be likely to fail.

All that can be done in this respect has probably been done in the London University and King’s College, by appointing professors, instituting classes, and giving a course of lectures in Architecture and Engineering; or by taking the matter a step further as is being tried at the College of Civil Engineers, Putney. The rest must be accomplished in the office or the atelier of the professor, and in works and buildings conducted by him. The pupil in this case takes part in practical operations with an intelligible aim, and a tangible end. He is identified with, or interested in, their progress, and imbibes knowledge of a most profitable kind through grateful and agreeable channels.

[7]

## PUBLICATIONS.

Just published, price 2s. 6d.

ENGLISH PATENTS; being a Register of all those granted for Inventions in the Arts, Manufactures, Chemistry, Agriculture, &c. With copious Index.

By ANDREW PRITCHARD, M.R.I.

This Annual contains a register of all the patents granted in each year; the title, date, and name of inventor; distinguishing those produced in foreign countries from those native. Alphabetical lists both of names and subjects being given, an easy reference is obtained.

To the manufacturer the importance of this work must be at once apparent, as it embraces improvements in nearly every branch of art and science, and enables him to ascertain what processes and articles he is restricted from using or making, and the period when they become public property. To inventors, many are the uses for which a list of this kind is available: besides offering them a ready means of ascertaining whether others have directed their attention to the same subjects, it enables them, if such be the case, to determine whether the inventions are similar, or what parts are claimed by former patentees, and whether they can secure their invention to themselves without infringement of an existing patent.

To each annual list is appended some valuable information relating to subjects connected with inventions. The “English Patents,” 1841, has appended a copy of letters patent as now granted in England, by which inventors are enabled to form some idea of the rights and privileges they acquire by a patent. Also an abstract of the consolidated act, which commenced its operation in September, 1842, whereby inventors or manufacturers may secure to themselves the sole right of making and selling, for terms not exceeding three years, any new design on articles of manufacture, or for any novelty in the pattern, shape, configuration, or ornament thereof. The orders of the Lords of the Treasury respecting the charges to be made for such registrations, the names of articles registered, &c. are given.

The “English Patents” granted in 1842 will contain, in addition to the List and Index, some observations on foreign patents, which, it is conceived, will be useful to inventors generally, but more especially to those who have obtained English patents.

This Annual will be published as soon after the close of each year as the collecting, arranging, and printing the work will permit.

London: Whittaker & Co. Ave-Maria-lane.

17, Ave-Maria-Lane, London.

Messrs. Whittaker and Co. have the pleasure to announce the recent publication of the following Works

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A HISTORY of ANIMALCULES, with Five hundred Engravings. Price 5s.

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An important memoir on the verification of microscopic phenomena, and another on an exact method of appreciating the quality of microscopes, are given in this work, by Dr. Goring.

A HISTORY of INFUSORIA, Living and Fossil; with Descriptions of all the known Species. Illustrated by 500 coloured engravings. Price 30s.

New Works and Editions, published by C. Dolman, 61, New Bond-street, London.

Just published, in 1 vol., 12mo., price 6s. cloth, lettered,

FATHER OSWALD; a Genuine Catholic Story.

“And other sheep I have that are not of this fold: them also I must bring, and they shall hear my voice; and there shall be one fold and one Shepherd.”—John x. 16.

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GERALDINE; a TALE of CONSCIENCE.

By E. C. A.

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THE YOUNG COMMUNICANTS. Written for the use of the Poor School, Bermondsey, and respectfully dedicated to the Rev. Peter Butler, by the Authoress of “Geraldine, a Tale of Conscience,” with the approbation of the Right Rev. Dr. Griffiths, V.A.L.

Just published, price 1s. 6d., cloth, lettered,

A new elementary Work on Geography, for the use of Schools, entitled

THE JUVENILE COMPANION to the ATLAS, with some Historical Notices.

“A book of greater practical utility to the young we have seldom seen. We recommend it with confidence to all who are engaged in rudimental instruction.”—Catholic, Oct. 22.

In 18mo., price 1s.

A CATECHISM of the HISTORY of ENGLAND, for the use of Schools. By a Lady.

Now ready, 8vo., cloth lettered, with 315 Woodcuts, price 15s.,

The First Volume of

TURNING AND MECHANICAL MANIPULATION. By CHARLES HOLTZAPFFEL, Associate of the Institution of Civil Engineers. The work, which will be completed in Five Vols., is intended as a work of General Reference and Practical Instruction on the Lathe and the various Mechanical pursuits followed by Amateurs.

Each volume may be purchased separately, and will form a distinct treatise on the branch to which it is appropriated. Vol. I. treats of materials from the vegetable, animal, and mineral kingdoms; their uses in the mechanical arts; modes of severally preparing, working, and joining the materials; with the practical description of a variety of processes, which do not generally require the use of tools with cutting edges.—Vol. II. (to be published in April, 1843) will treat of cutting tools and abrasive processes.—Vol. III., the complete practice of hand or simple turning.—Vol. IV., practice of ornamental or complex turning.—Vol. V., practice of amateur engineering.

Published by Holtzapffel & Co., 64, Charing Cross, and 127, Long Acre, London, and to be had of all booksellers.

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THE BRITISH CHILD’S SPELLING-BOOK, for the use of Children of the various Christian denominations. By HENRY JAMES. Price 1s.

This judicious little book is divided into seven parts. The 1st consists of tables of words from one to seven syllables, accompanied with many easy lessons; 2. Lessons in natural history; 3. Fables and tales, which are pointed with some important moral, and interwoven with some just maxims of conduct; 4. Simple and tasteful poetry; while 5, 6, and 7 comprise introductions to geography, English grammar, &c.

By the same Author,

RHETORICAL CLASS-BOOK.

Price 3s. 6d. bound.

John Limbird, 143, Strand.

FOR ALL FAMILIES.

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FAMILY MANUAL AND SERVANTS’ GUIDE, with upwards of One Thousand New and Approved Receipts, arranged and adapted for Families and all classes of Servants.

“We shall recommend this book everywhere, if it were only for the sake of the excellent suggestions on the ‘self-improvement’ of house servants.”—Gardener’s Magazine.

“It should find a place in the kitchen or servants’ hall of those who desire to blend comfort with elegance, and prudence with luxury.”—New Monthly Magazine.

“No servant should be without it.”—Morning Advertiser.

J. Limbird, 143, Strand, London, and all booksellers.

THE SELF-INSTRUCTING LATIN CLASSIC; whereby a perfect knowledge of the Latin Language may be readily acquired, without burdening the memory with the multifarious rules of syntactical Grammar, the searching a Dictionary for the interpretation of words, or even requiring the assistance of a Classical Tutor. By W. JACOBS. In Twelve Parts, at 1s. each; or in Two Volumes, price 7s. each.

By the same Author,

THE MYSTERIES OF THE LATIN LANGUAGE REVEALED;

Or, Remarks shewing that it can be read and understood without being confined to the forms of government of grammatical construction: and proved by verbatim translations of passages from fourteen of the standard Poetical and Prose Latin Classics. 4s. In 12 Parts, at 6d. or complete, 7s. cloth (10 Parts are now ready),

BACCHUS:

An Essay on the Nature, Causes, Effects, and Cure of Intemperance. By R. B. GRIMDROD, LL.D.

In 6 Parts, at 1s. each, or complete, 7s. cloth,

COMPLETE GUIDE to the FINE ARTS.

Part 1. contains the whole Art of Oil Painting.

Part 2.—Drawing and Sketching from Nature.

Part 3.—Drawing in Perspective.

Part 4.—Miniature Painting, Grecian or Persian Painting.

Part 5.—Engraving on Wood and Copper, and Lithographic Drawing.

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W. Brittain, 11, Paternoster Row.

CAGE BIRDS; a Description, and Habits of each Species; directions for keeping; best modes of prevention and cure of the several distempers to which they are subject, with every particular to keep them in full and rich melody of song. By T. ANDREWES. Price 1s.

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PLAIN INSTRUCTIONS for the Breeding, Rearing, and Management of the CANARY FINCH, With practical hints and receipts for its domestication. By JOSEPH SMITH. Price 1s.

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On the 1st January will be published, price 1s. 6d., the first Number of a new series of

THE ARCHITECT, ENGINEER, AND SURVEYOR, or London Monthly Journal of the Engineering and Practical Sciences, and of Architecture and the Fine Arts, containing a great variety of papers, by able practical men, on all subjects connected with the professions.

N.B. The third volume of the above work is just published, price 18s., and, with Vols. I. and II., may be had of all Booksellers.

London: Bell and Wood, 186, Fleet-street.

## WORKS WRITTEN OR EDITED BY J. C. LOUDON, F.L.S., &c.,
And Published on his account by Longman and Co.

Just published, complete in 1 vol. price 2l. 10s. and in Parts at 5s. each,

AN ENCYCLOPÆDIA of TREES and SHRUBS; being the Arboretum et Fruticetum Britannicum abridged, for the use of Nurserymen, Gardeners, and Foresters.

The abridgment of the Arboretum et Fruticetum Britannicum contains:—

1. Characters and short popular descriptions of all the species and varieties of hardy trees and shrubs now in British gardens, with directions for their culture; including the soil most suitable for them, their propagation, and their uses in the arts, and more especially in landscape-gardening and profitable planting.

2. Engravings of all the species which are described, to one and the same scale, of which a figure, 1, a beautiful new species of Cytisus (Cytisus Weldenii), and fig. 2, a species of pine from Mexico (Pinus Teocotes), are here given as specimens.

3. The scientific names and scientific synonymes of all the species, and their popular names in the languages of the different countries where they are indigenous or cultivated.

4. An alphabetical index to all the species and varieties, with their synonymes.

5. A tabular analysis of the leaves, by which the name of any species of tree or shrub described in the work may, in general, be discovered, from a small portion of a shoot with the leaves on.

6. Specific characters, descriptions, and figures of some species, more particularly of pines, firs, and oaks, which were not in the country in 1838, when the large work was completed.

7. An analysis of the commoner trees and shrubs of Britain, with reference to their uses in plantations, useful or ornamental, their adaptation for particular soils and situations, their flowers and time of flowering, &c. &c.

In a word, though this abridgment does not include all the interesting and useful information on the natural history of trees which will be found in the larger work, or any of the portraits of entire trees which constitute so distinguished a feature in it, yet it contains all that is necessary to enable the reader to discover the names of the different species, and to ascertain their culture, propagation, and uses in Britain; in short, all that is essential for the nurseryman, gardener, and forester.

Published in July, 1838, price 10l. cloth lettered,

The ARBORETUM FRUTICETUM et BRITANNICUM;

In 8 vols.: four of letter-press, illustrated by above 2500 engravings, and four of octavo and quarto plates.

This work is in three divisions:—

I. The history of the introduction of trees and shrubs into Britain, and the history and geography of the trees and shrubs of temperate climates throughout the world; shewing the trees and shrubs which are already in the country, and those which yet remain to be introduced. This occupies 250 pages of vol. I.

II. A description of all the trees and shrubs, hardy and half-hardy, cultivated in Britain; in which is given their history, geography, uses, propagation, culture, diseases, insects, mosses, lichens, fungi, &c., occupying the remaining part of vol. I. and the whole of vols. II., III., and IV.

III. Portraits of trees of from ten to twelve years’ growth, of which the accompanying figure of the Chilian pine (Araucaria imbricata) may serve as a specimen, growing within ten miles of London, all drawn to the same scale of one inch to four feet, and accompanied by botanical specimens of their winter’s wood, leaves, flowers, and fruit, all drawn to the scale of one-sixth of an inch to a foot. Besides the young trees, there are portraits of full-grown trees of all the more important species, in order to shew the character which they assume when of mature age. Some of these are drawn in foliage, of which a figure of the Cyprus of Mistra, the largest cyprus in the world, is given as a specimen; and others, taken in winter, when divested of their foliage, of which the accompanying figure of the common Beech (Fagus sylvatica) is an illustration. These are drawn to a scale of one inch to twelve feet. This mode of giving portraits of trees and botanical specimens to a fixed scale, has been adopted in “The Arboretum Britannicum” for the first time, and it gives that work a decided superiority over all previous publications on the same subject. This division of the work occupies vols. V., VI., VII., and VIII.

The first four volumes of “The Arboretum” are illustrated with upwards of 2500 engravings, chiefly of botanical specimens, but including also insects, fungi, engravings of the leaves of the natural size of all the species of several genera, portraits of remarkable trees or shrubs (such as Johnson’s willow, the cypress of Soma, &c.); nearly fifty remarkable oaks, above ten remarkable yew trees, the king and queen beeches at Ashridge, and many other remarkable beech trees, remarkable elms, ashes, poplars, pines, firs, &c. &c.; portraits, taken during winter, to shew the effect of the different deciduous trees at that season; landscapes, exhibiting the effect of the particular kinds of trees, when employed by the landscape-gardener, in combination with other trees, or with buildings; ground-plans, shewing the mode of laying out and planting arboretums, fruticetums, cricacetums, rosariums, &c.; diagrams, shewing trellises and other structures for training climbing shrubs, the mode of forming fences of particular shrubs, of making baskets, &c., of willow-rods, of forming surface drains for arboretums, of sawing up timber for sale, as practised in Norway, &c. &c. In short, the work embraces every part of the subject of the study of the hardy trees and shrubs of Britain.

Bayswater, near London, December 1842.

Published July 1, 1838, in 1 vol. 8vo. price 7s. 6d.

The HORTUS LIGNOSUS LONDINENSIS;

Or, a Catalogue of all the Ligneous Plants, hardy and half-hardy, cultivated in the neighbourhood of London; with their Native Country, Habit, Habitation in a state of Culture, and the Prices of Plants and Seeds in British and Foreign Nurseries.

“To nurserymen and gardeners generally, the ‘Lignosus Londinensis’ will be found an extremely useful book.”—Floricultural Magazine, Vol. III. p. 139.

Published May 1, 1842, price 3s. 6d.

The HORTUS LIGNOSUS LONDINENSIS ABRIDGED;

Or, a Catalogue of the Hardy Trees and Shrubs, indigenous and foreign, cultivated in the Gardens and Grounds in the neighbourhood of London, with all their Synonymes, and a complete Alphabetical Index.

Published October 1, 1839, in 1 vol. 8vo. with upwards of 250 Engravings, price 1l. 10s. and 3l. 6s. coloured,

REPTON’S LANDSCAPE GARDENING;

Being the whole Works on Landscape-Gardening and Landscape-Architecture of the late Humphry Repton, Esq.; with a Biographical Notice, and Notes by J. C. Loudon, F.L.S., &c.

Published May 1, 1842, in One very thick Volume, 8vo. of above 1300 pages, with 2000 Engravings on Wood, price 3l. 3s. bound in cloth.

AN ENCYCLOPÆDIA OF COTTAGE, FARM, and VILLA ARCHITECTURE and FURNITURE; containing Designs for Cottages, Villas, Farm-houses, Farmeries, Wind and Water Corn Mills; Cider Mills, Lime, Malt, and Hop Kilns, Country Inns, Public-houses, Parochial Schools, &c., with the requisite Fittings-up, Fixtures, and Furniture, and appropriate Offices, Gardens, and Garden Scenery; each Design accompanied by Analytical and Critical Remarks, illustrative of the Principles of Architectural Science and Taste on which it is composed, and General Estimates of the Expense.

A new edition, corrected, with a Supplement, containing above 160 additional pages of letterpress, and nearly 300 new engravings, bringing down the work to 1842.

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The ARCHITECTURAL MAGAZINE;

Being a Collection of popular Articles on Architecture, Building, and Furnishing.

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Published on August 1, 1838, in 1 vol. 8vo., with numerous Engravings, price 20s.

The SUBURBAN GARDENER and VILLA COMPANION;

Comprising the choice of a Suburban or Villa Residence, or of a situation on which to form one; the Arrangement and Furnishing of the House; and the Laying out, Planting, and general Management of the Garden and Grounds; the whole adapted for Grounds from One Perch to Fifty Acres and upwards in extent, and intended for the instruction of those who know little of Gardening and rural affairs.

Published on November 1, 1842, in 1 vol. 8vo. with upwards of 380 Engravings, price 16s.

The SUBURBAN HORTICULTURIST;

Or, an Attempt to teach the Science of Horticulture, and the Management of the Fruit, Kitchen, and Forcing Garden, to persons who have had no previous knowledge or experience in these departments.

[This work is published by William Smith, 113, Fleet-street.]

In Monthly Numbers, 8vo. price 1s. 6d. each,

The GARDENER’S MAGAZINE.

Any Number or Volume published subsequently to 1834 may be purchased separately. The Second Series, consisting of Six Volumes, from 1835 to 1840 inclusive, may be had for 6l. 8s. 6d.

In 1 vol. post 8vo. price 8s.

WATERTON’S ESSAYS on NATURAL HISTORY;

With an Autobiography of the Author.

“A most valuable work for farmers and gardeners, on account of the information which it contains respecting birds, the mole, the mouse, the rat, and beetles, snails, slugs, and worms.”—Gardener’s Magazine, 1839.

[8]

Fig. 1. Cytisus Weldenii.

Fig. 2. Pinus Teocote.

Fig. 3. Araucaria imbricata.

Fig. 4. The Cypress of Misira (Cupressus horizontalis.)

[9]

Fig. 5. Singular inosculation of the common beech (Fagus sylvatica.)

A Road-side Public-house, from a design by J. W. Wild, Esq., in the Supplement to the Encyclopædia.

A Gate Lodge, by R. Varden, Esq., also from the Supplement.

Just published, in royal 4to., price 1l. 15s. bound,

RUSTIC ARCHITECTURE.—Picturesque Decorations of Rural Buildings in the Use of Rough Wood, Thatch, &c. Illustrated by Forty-two Drawings; consisting of Plans, Elevations, Sections, and Perspective Views; the Doors, Windows, Chimney Shafts, &c., drawn Geometrically to a large scale; with Descriptions and estimated Costs.

By T. J. RICAUTI, Architect.

“We have repeatedly and strongly recommended this elegant and useful work, and can safely say, that we think no gentleman who purchases it will be disappointed.”—Loudon’s Gardener’s Magazine.

James Carpenter, Old Bond-street.

LAWRENCE & CO., 55, PARLIAMENT-STREET, WESTMINSTER, and 10, YORK-PLACE, LAMBETH, Successors to the Patentees and Manufacturers in Zinc to her Majesty the Queen Dowager. Original makers of Malleable Zinc Drawers, of Tubes, and Sash-bars. Perforated Zinc for Larders, Safes, and Blinds. Roofs and Verandahs covered with Zinc Rain Pipes, Chimney Pipes, Cowls, &c. Gutters, Ridges, and Sky Lights. Baths and Zinc Door-plates. N.B. The Trade supplied.

KEENE’S PATENT MARBLE CEMENT.—This cement, which exceeds every other in hardness, is intended for interior uses, where strength and despatch in execution are required. From the smoothness of its surface, it is an advantageous substitute for wood in its application to skirtings, architrave, mouldings, &c., as it resists the action of fire, and keeps back vermin.

The coarse qualities form a paving not distinguishable from stone in colour and hardness, but of one-third the price. The best white quality takes a brilliant polish, and the scagliola made from this cement has a peculiar richness of colouring. The imitations produced in it of Florentine and other Mosaics, encaustic tiles, &c., for ornamental paving, are unequalled in their effect and moderate cost.

Keene’s Cement has been applied with success for the altars of Catholic and other churches, both in England and Ireland; and to its use in the royal palaces and government buildings, besides numerous and private works, the patentees can refer with confidence.

Patentees and Sole Manufacturers, J. B. White and Sons, Milbank-street, Westminster.

Agents for its sale are appointed in the principal cities of the United Kingdom.

WESTMINSTER MARBLE FACTORY,
EARL STREET, HORSEFERRY ROAD,
WESTMINSTER.

The Trade Supplied on advantageous Terms with Slabs and Chimney-Pieces, and a large assortment always kept on view in their extensive Show-Rooms.

The public is respectfully informed that the Proprietors of the Westminster Marble Factory have made considerably more extensive and most important improvements in the Working and Polishing Marble by Steam Power at the above Factory, so that every variety of Marble Work is executed in a superior style, hitherto unprecedented in this country, and at such reduced prices as greatly facilitate its use in the decoration of public and private buildings for the following useful and ornamental purposes:—

Marble Staircases, Door Jambs, Linings for Rooms, Columns, Chimney Pieces, Wash-hand Tables, Monuments, Tablets, Mortars, Tombs, Door-plates, Baths, Pavements, Slabs for Dairies, &c.

They respectfully solicit a trial from those whose consumption is considerable, as they will realize an immense saving by forwarding their orders to this Establishment. Much attention will be devoted to the interests of Architects, Builders, and Cabinet Makers, to execute their orders in a style entirely unequalled. An unabated zeal will be maintained to continue the patronage so liberally bestowed by men of business.

Caution.—It having been recently discovered that orders intended for this Company have been surreptitiously obtained, and executed by others at a higher price than they charge, it is particularly requested that future orders be addressed to the Westminster Marble Company’s Factory, Earl-street, Horseferry-road, Millbank, Westminster.

TO BUILDERS, PAINTERS, GLAZIERS, and OTHERS.—The cheapest House for Crown and Sheet Window Glass, Milled Lead, Colours, &c.

Best Lead | 24s. | per cwt.
Sheet Lead | 21s. | —
Linseed Oil | 3s. | per gal.
Turps | 3s. | —

Complete lists of glass, colours, lead, &c., priced, will be forwarded to any part of the United Kingdom, by applying to R. COGAN, at the Western Glass, Lead, and Colour Warehouse, 5, Princes-street, Leicester-square, London. R. C. begs at the same time to assure his numerous friends in the country, as well as in town, that his trade being exclusively for cash, he is enabled to supply goods in most cases 20 per cent. lower than charged by other houses. An inquiry by post will be immediately answered, and a one pound order, accompanied by a Post-office cheque for the amount, will receive equal attention, and be executed with the same despatch as one of a wholesale description.

TO NOBLEMEN, GENTLEMEN, AND OTHERS.—R. TURNER and Co. beg to lay before the Public in general their newly-invented Apparatuses for heating purposes, where artificial heat is required, by steam, hot water, or hot air. Also ironing-stoves, hot plates, and portable stoves of various sizes, for general purposes; at the very lowest price possible, for cash only. All goods sent out from their establishment are warranted.

Your obedient servants,

R. TURNER and Co.

164, Strand.

TO ARCHITECTS, BUILDERS, DECORATORS, AND SHIP BUILDERS.

PAPIER MACHE ENRICHMENTS, adapted to every Style for Architectural and Ornamental Purposes; comprising Centre Flowers for Ceilings and Ventilators, enriched Mouldings, Friezes, Pateras, Brackets, Trusses, Gothic Bosses, Corbels, Tracery, &c., in great variety, to be had at Brelefeld’s Papier Maché Works, 15, Wellington-street North, Strand.

Tea Trays in every variety of elegant designs.

ENVELOPES, from the best Paper, and well made, 9d. the 100. Envelope Cases in great variety, plain and illuminated, from 6s. each. Blotting Books, from 1s. each. An extensive assortment of Albums, in plain and elegant bindings. A Box to hold Miscellaneous Music, elegantly bound, for 5s. 6d. A Travelling Writing Desk, 10 inches, 15s. 6d.; 12 inches, 16s. 6d.; 14 inches, 18s. Writing Papers, plain and gilt, 4d., 6d., 8d., 10d., and 1s., the quire. Note Papers, at 3d., 4d., and 6d. the quire, at LIMBIRD’S STATIONERY and MUSIC WAREHOUSE, 143, Strand, opposite Catherine Street, near Somerset House.

[10]

Steel Pen Manufacturer in Ordinary to Her Majesty.

JOSEPH GILLOTT’S very superior PATENT and other METALLIC PENS may be had of all Stationers, Booksellers, and other Dealers in Pens throughout the United Kingdom.

The great superiority of these Pens, and the Public’s approbation, is attested by the continually increasing demand for them, and their entire adoption at the Bank of England, and Her Majesty’s Public Offices, where, it is known, the best articles only are admitted.

NUMBER OF PENS MANUFACTURED AT THE WORKS OF
JOSEPH GILLOTT.

From Oct. 1837, to Oct. 1838,
| was | 35,808,452 |
| or | 2,984,037 | dozen
| or | 248,669 | gross
From Oct. 1838, to Oct. 1839,
| was | 44,654,702 |
| or | 3,721,225 | dozen
| or | 310,102 | gross
From Dec. 1840, to Dec. 1841,
| was | 62,126,928 |
| or | 5,177,244 | dozen
| or | 431,437 | gross

These Pens are made in every variety, suitable for the MEDICAL and LEGAL PROFESSIONS, BANKING, MERCANTILE, and GENERAL PURPOSES, and for SCHOOLS.

It is requisite to state, as a general “CAUTION,” that the name, “JOSEPH GILLOTT,” is marked in full on EVERY GENUINE PEN, and Vendors are desired to note that his Cards of Pens are made up in Packets of One Dozen each, and have a label outside, with a fac-simile of his Signature.

The Genuine GILLOTT’S PENS may usually be obtained at the regular dealers’ shops at as low prices as are generally demanded by itinerant dealers, and others, for those very inferior articles which are frequently palmed upon the Public as the real GILLOTT’S PENS.

☞ At the request of Persons extensively engaged in Tuition, J. G. has introduced his WARRANTED SCHOOL PENS, which are especially adapted to their use, being of different degrees of flexibility, and with fine, medium, and broad points.

WHOLESALE AND FOR EXPORTATION AT THE
WAREHOUSE, 95, NEW-STREET, BIRMINGHAM,
ALSO AT
37, GRACECHURCH-STREET, LONDON,

Under the Management of Mr. FOX, from the Manufactory, or from any of the WHOLESALE STATIONERS and MERCHANTS in London, &c.

The great superiority of these Pens has induced their entire adoption in the Bank of England and Her Majesty’s Public Offices, where it is known none but the best articles are admitted: such as the Home and Foreign Offices, the Admiralty and other Public Boards, the Offices of the India Board, the various Offices at Somerset-House, the British Museum Library, &c., the General Post-Office, and others; as well as by a large number of Bankers, Merchants, and Manufacturers, throughout the Country, and many Public and Private Schools.

CAUTION TO FAMILIES.

The high reputation of, and consequent great demand for the undermentioned Preparations, have excited the cupidity of some SHOPKEEPERS of apparent respectability, but destitute alike of honour and of talent, who, for the sake of gaining a trifle more profit, basely attempt to impose their pernicious compounds upon the public as the real “MACASSAR OIL” for the Hair, and “KALYDOR” for the Complexion; they copy the bills and labels of the original articles, substituting either a fictitious name or the word “GENUINE” in the place of “ROWLAND’S.”

To frustrate such imposition—it is necessary on purchasing either article, to see that the word “ROWLAND’S” is on the wrapper, as follows, without which None are Genuine.

ROWLAND’S MACASSAR OIL,

for the Growth, and for Beautifying the Human Hair.

Price 3s. 6d.; 7s.; or Family Bottles (equal to four small), 10s. 6d.; and double that size, 21s. per bottle.

ROWLAND’S KALYDOR,

for the Skin and Complexion.—Price 4s. 6d. and 8s. 6d. per bottle.

ROWLAND’S ODONTO,

Or PEARL DENTRIFICE,

renders the Teeth beautifully White, and preserves the Gums.

Price 2s. 9d. per box, duty included.

A. ROWLAND & SON, 20, HATTON GARDEN, LONDON,

is written in red on the wrappers of the Macassar Oil and Kalydor, and engraven on the Government Stamp affixed on the Kalydor and the Odonto.

Be sure to ask for “Rowland’s” Articles.

Sold by them and by respectable Chemists and Perfumers.

COMPOSITION FOR WRITING WITH STEEL PENS.

STEPHENS’ WRITING FLUID.

THESE COMPOSITIONS, which have so remarkably extended the use of the STEEL PEN, are brought to very great perfection, being more easy to write with, more durable, and in every respect preferable to the ordinary Ink. In warm climates they have become essential—they consist of:—

A BLUE FLUID, changing to an intense Black colour.

PATENT UNCHANGEABLE BLUE FLUIDS, remaining a deep Blue colour.

A SUPERIOR BLACK INK, of the common character, but more fluid.

A SUPERIOR CARMINE RED for Contrast Writing.

A CARBONACEOUS RECORD INK, unchangeable by any Chemical Agent.

Also a new kind of MARKING INK for Linen: and Inkholders adapted for preserving Ink from Evaporation or Dust.

Bottles at 3d. each, convenient for writing from are prepared, which will enable those who may wish to try either of these articles to do so at a small expense.

Prepared by HENRY STEPHENS, the Inventor, 54, Stamford-street, Blackfriars-road, London, and sold by Stationers and Booksellers.

N.B. These unchangeable Blue Fluids are Patent articles; the Public are therefore cautioned against imitations, which are infringements: to sell or use which is illegal.

STEPHENS’ SELECT STEEL PENS.

The utmost possible care having been bestowed upon the manufacture of these articles, so as to procure the highest finish, they can be confidently recommended both for flexibility and durability.

DAGUERREOTYPE OR PHOTOGRAPHIC PORTRAITS.

PORTRAITS by Mr. CLAUDET’S INSTANTANEOUS PROCESS, under the Patronage of her Majesty, are taken daily at the ADELAIDE GALLERY, LOWTHER ARCADE, STRAND. The Sitting generally occupies less than One Second, by which faithful and pleasing Likenesses are obtained, with backgrounds, the patented invention of Mr. Claudet, representing Landscapes, the Interior of a Library, &c. &c.

Price of a Single Portrait, usual size, One Guinea. Portraits and Groups are also taken on Plates of an enlarged size, and for Lockets or Brooches as small as may be required.

PATENT PLATE GLASS.

The Patent Plate Glass is equal in appearance to the British Plate Glass, and at about one-half its cost.

SHEET WINDOW GLASS,

For Conservatories, Dwelling Houses, &c.

The Sheet Window Glass is particularly recommended for Conservatories, Garden Frames, Skylights, and all purposes where strength is required. Lights may be glazed with panes from twenty to fifty inches in length, without liability of breakage from hail or trivial accidents.

PAINTED GLASS,

In the ancient or modern style, from the most simple to the richest designs. Ruby and other Coloured Glass equal to the ancient.

GLASS SHADES,

Round, Oval, or Square, for the preservation of Clocks, Alabaster Ornaments, Minerals, &c. &c.

Sold, Wholesale and Retail, by CLAUDET & HOUGHTON, at their Plate, Crown, Sheet, Fluted, and Painted Window Glass and Glass Shade Warehouse, 89, HIGH HOLBORN, where Lists of Prices may be had.

CORY’S POWDERS FOR CHILDREN

Are recommended to mothers and nurses, not only as a remedy, but as a preventative in all cases of teething, measles, scarlet fever, hooping-cough, small-pox, convulsions from worms and teething, wasting of the limbs, jaundice, fits, diarrhœa, chicken-pox, thrush, &c. The above complaints are invariably preceded by a pettishness of temper, accompanied by costiveness, and a greater or less degree of fever. To these little ailments attention should be particularly directed, for it is in this stage that these powders will commonly prevent further progress of disorder, by promoting healthy secretion of the skin, liver, stomach, and bowels.

PREPARED AND SOLD BY
WM. H. CORY,
SURGEON-APOTHECARY,
20, Earl-street, Blackfriars,

And may be had of most respectable Medicine Vendors throughout the Kingdom, in packets at 1s. 1½d., 2s. 9d., 4s. 6d., and in tin cases for exportation, 1l. 1s. duty included. Each packet has the signature of Wm. H. Cory on the Government stamp, without which none are genuine.

Orders by post attended to.

This invention makes Coffee of the finest quality, preserving that delicate aroma which is scarcely known to English Coffee-drinkers, owing to the imperfect methods of making the beverage practised in this country. By a simple self-acting process, which cannot err, the Automaton enables the most inexperienced person to produce Coffee as excellent in flavour as the most skilful can prepare. Sold in all metals and of all sizes, so as to be used either for private Families or Hotels, and either with a Lamp or on the fire.

Sold by PLATOW & CO., 145, High Holborn.

LEFT-OFF CLOTHES, REGIMENTALS, &c., WANTED.—PEARSON’S established warehouse, 2, Lamb’s Conduit-street. Gentlemen having any quantity, large or small, of left-off wearing apparel, military, naval, theatrical, and costume of any nation, the utmost value in ready money given, or new clothes made in exchange. Apply personally, or by letter, to Stephen Pearson, 2, Lamb’s Conduit-street. Distance no object. Ladies’ apparel purchased. Books taken on the same terms.

Officers and gentlemen arriving from India will find this an excellent mode of disposing of their equipments for ready money, or clothes in exchange.

Theatrical dresses made to order.

OROPHOLITHE is a composition, which being impervious to wet, and proof against atmospheric action, is peculiarly adapted for roofs and floorings. It is also a substitute for oil-cloth, a covering for terraces, for wainscoting, and from its portability, for emigrants’ houses. It is light, durable, and very considerably cheaper than any material such as zinc, lead, or oil-cloth, for which it may be substituted with great advantage. A temporary small house and other specimens may be seen at the Manufactory, 1, Gough-street North, near Calthorpe-street, Gray’s-Inn Road.

THE LONDON MARBLE AND STONE WORKING COMPANY, Esher-street, Hollywell-street, Millbank, Westminster (established 1821), are enabled, with their Patent Machinery, to execute Chimney-pieces, Monuments, Tablets, Slabs for Furniture, and every description of such work, with an accuracy, rapidity of execution, beauty and durability of polish, and reduction of cost, which cannot be obtained elsewhere. The public are invited to inspect their extensive Show-rooms, containing the largest stock in this country. The trade supplied with every description of Rough Slab Blocks or Scantlings; or Blocks sent to the works cut to order.

Please to be accurate in copying the address, to prevent imposition, the Company having no connection with any other establishment but that in Esher-street.

[11]

By Her Majesty’s Royal Letters Patent.

THE PATENT RAMONEUR[3] ASSOCIATION, FOR PROMOTING THE SWEEPING OF CHIMNEYS BY MACHINERY.—CENTRAL OFFICE, 34, FOLEY-PLACE, PORTLAND-PLACE.

[3] From the French verb “Ramoner,” to sweep.

In consequence of an Act passed August 7, 1840, intituled, “An Act for the Regulation of Chimney-sweepers and Chimneys,” by which it is enacted, “That from and after the first of July, 1842, any person who shall compel or knowingly allow any child or young person, under the age of twenty-one years, to ascend or descend a chimney or enter a flue for the purpose of sweeping, cleaning, or coring the same, or for extinguishing a fire therein, shall be liable to a penalty of not more than ten pounds, or less than five pounds,”—all chimneys from henceforth must be cleaned and swept by machinery.

This Association of gentlemen has its origin in an earnest desire to promote a cause which has long occupied the attention of the warmest friends of humanity, and to give decided and practical effect to the provisions of the above-mentioned Act of Parliament.

In responding to the call of humanity, by the entire abolition of the unseemly and afflicting practice of cleansing chimneys by the direct agency of the Living Infant Sweeper, the authority of the Legislature has been exercised to confer a public benefit, in the abatement of an evil of great magnitude, and a fruitful source of lasting misery. It only remains that the detail of minor arrangements be carried out in the way that may seem the best adapted to perfecting the working of the Act, and accomplish the requisite changes, consistently with the public sense of fitness and propriety.

This Association, therefore, brings before the country an efficacious means of obviating, for the future, the necessity or any approach to the evils of the old system, in accordance with the general feeling and opinion on the subject, and in strict and active furtherance of the law as it now stands.

The considerations which the Association desire to lay before the public arrange themselves under the following general heads:—

The well-known and acknowledged difficulty and danger of the old process, and the dangerous exposure and risk to property, in large masses, from the imperfect performance of former methods.

The harsh, not to say hard and cruel, treatment of the infant sweeper, from a necessity (in a certain degree, perhaps) inseparable from the nature of the old process, and the effects of prescriptive custom, as exercised by unenlightened masters.

The unerring and perfect performance of the Association’s new Machinery, coupled with its simplicity of construction, its great effective power, and its ease of management.

The great importance of its certain effect in the immediate extinction of accidental fire in chimneys.

The great practical economy effected to the public through the perfect operation of the Machines, and the consequent incalculable increase of convenience in the domestic arrangements,—as all the chimneys of a house can be perfectly swept at one visit, in much less time than is now required; with a guaranteed security, for the due performance of the specific duty undertaken, and against injury or loss from carelessness, mismanagement, or depredation.

The Association has also in view the very important objects of affording complete relief to the entire class of sweeping adults and children, by elevating them from their present degraded and enslaved condition to the rank of well-ordered, decently-appointed, and justly-paid workmen.

The date of each application for sweeping chimneys in a house, and of the execution of the order, with the names of the workmen employed, will be entered in the books of the Association, at their principal office, 34, Foley-place: thus affording satisfactory proof, in cases of fire, of the chimneys having been properly swept, where the cause of fire may be the subject of legal controversy; and preventing any disposition on the part of the labourer to commit petty offences, from the absolute certainty of immediate detection.

The PATENT RAMONEUR ASSOCIATION, to carry out these great objects, have appointed respectable persons as Agents to receive orders; and will employ workmen of known good character, provided with suitable dresses to carry on the operation; giving them thus a cleaner and more decent appearance, when not absolutely employed at work, than is at present witnessed; and who, in lieu of the scanty and precarious pittance hitherto allowed them, will receive wages of sufficient amount to afford them the comforts and secure to them the self-respect enjoyed by other mechanical labourers.

The Association beg to inform the Nobility, Gentry, and Public, that, under these arrangements, on application being made at the Central Office, a workman and assistant will attend with the Machine, and, if necessary at the first trial, the Superintendent will himself be present at the operation. The usual rate charged for each chimney, under the old system of Machinery, will not be exceeded; and should it be desired, houses may be contracted for by the year, on the same terms as heretofore; no extra charge being made for machinery, or for the greater convenience, cleanliness, and security of property, afforded by the arrangements of the Association.

W. S. TROTTER, Secretary.

Superintendent, Mr. W. Speller, 30, Berkeley-street West, Edgware-road.

⁂ In connexion with this establishment, the Association has introduced a Patent Chimney-pot, which effectually cures the downward draught, and supersedes the use of “cowls,” which cannot escape fracture by the Machinery employed in sweeping the chimneys.

COMMERCIAL AND GENERAL LIFE ASSURANCE, ANNUITY, ENDOWMENT, AND LOAN ASSOCIATION.

112, Cheapside, London.

Capital 500,000l. in shares of 50l. each. Deposit 2l. per share.

DIRECTORS.

- Henry George Ward, Esq., M.P., Chairman.
- John Aylwin, Esq., Dulwich.
- Robert Bastow, Esq., 20, Surrey-place, Old Kent-road.
- William Bastow, Esq., 20, Surrey-place, Old Kent-road.
- Henry Cornfoot, Esq., Old Palace, Richmond.
- Adam Duff, Esq., Morden-hill, Blackheath.
- Henry Hind Edwards, Esq., Park Village East, Regent’s-park.
- Edward Evans, Esq., 2, Stones’-end, Borough.
- Robert Meggay, Esq., 38, Great Tower-street.
- Richard Pope, Esq., 11, North Terrace, Camberwell.
- John Richards, Esq., 17, New Bridge-street, Blackfriars, and Reading.
- Thomas Bush Saunders, Esq., 19, Lincoln’s-inn-fields.

Rates of premium calculated on as low a rate as is consistent with the safety of the assured and the stability of the Company.

A septennial division of the profits, either in the way of bonuses, or in the reduction of premiums; two-thirds to the assured, and one-third to the proprietors.

A system of loan upon personal or other securities, provided the party borrowing assures his life for double the amount he receives.

Policies which shall have been assigned six months as a bona fide security not void by death from suicide, duelling, or the hands of justice.

No entrance fee or other charge beyond the policy stamp.

All matters in dispute, where no fraud is suspected, to be referred to arbitration.

Claims payable three months after death, or earlier on receiving a discount.

A liberal commission to all parties bringing business.

Premiums payable yearly, half-yearly, or quarterly.

Medical referees paid by the Office in every case referred to them for their professional opinions.

Interest at the rate of 5l. per cent. allowed on the paid-up capital.

Applications for the remaining shares, agencies, and prospectuses, to be made to the Secretary, 112, Cheapside.

Board days, Mondays and Thursdays, at half-past One o’clock.

FREDERICK LAWRANCE, Secretary.

TO THE CLERGY.

CITY EQUITABLE CLOTHING ESTABLISHMENT, FLEET-STREET (Three Doors from Temple-bar).

G. EVANS respectfully yet fearlessly submits the following SCALE of CONTRACTS to the careful perusal of gentlemen who have been accustomed to pay exorbitant prices, and to assure them that the articles will be of the best materials and workmanship, as he intends to continue that honest and just principle of doing business which he has hitherto pursued, and which he is happy to find has given such general satisfaction. His long experience in cutting has qualified him to give a good fit, and his matured judgment enables him to select none but the best materials.

Naval and Military Uniforms strictly to regulation, with a careful regard to economy. Liveries unusually low, considering the superior articles invariably supplied. Ladies’ Riding Habits, not to be surpassed in style, quality, or price. Young Gentlemen’s Clothing at extremely moderate prices.

A List of Prices forwarded to gentlemen who do not wish to contract.

TABLE OF CONTRACT.

No. of Suits. | Colours. | Super. per suit. | Best that can be made in every particular.
|  | £ | s. | d. | £ | s. | d.
Two Suits | Coloured | 4 | 4 | 0 | 4 | 18 | 0
Ditto | Black or Blue | 4 | 18 | 0 | 5 | 10 | 0
Three Suits | Coloured | 4 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 16 | 0
Ditto | Black or Blue | 4 | 16 | 0 | 5 | 8 | 0
Four Suits | Coloured | 4 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 10 | 0
Ditto | Black or Blue | 4 | 12 | 0 | 5 | 5 | 0
Five Suits | Coloured | 4 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 8 | 0
Ditto | Black or Blue | 4 | 12 | 0 | 5 | 2 | 0
Six Suits | Coloured | 3 | 18 | 0 | 4 | 6 | 0
Ditto | Black or Blue | 4 | 10 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0

OLD SUITS TO BE RETURNED.

Silk Waistcoats, 4s. extra; Frock Coats, 10s.; Velvet Waistcoats, 10s.; Velvet Collar, 4s.

A newly-invented Measuring Card (with a Drawing), and Tape attached, giving instructions to enable any person to use it correctly, will be forwarded where required.

OIL and LAMP PHENOMENA, and NO PUFF.—CLARK and CO., oil refiners by chemical process, 261, Strand, and 16, Picket-street, sell their UNEQUALLED CLARIFIED OIL, at 4s. 10d. per gallon, suitable for every description of lamp in present use. Four gallons go as far as five gallons of solar or other common oils, and therefore their Clarified Oil is cheapest. Lamps burning it require no cleaning, on account of its purity. It produces a splendid light, without smoke, if their fire-proof smoke consuming glasses are used; but burns quite equal to sperm with the common glasses. Oil lamps, best workmanship and newest style, at manufacturer’s prices: for instance, excellent table lamps, 21s., usually 38s.; Cambridge reading or writing lamps, superior, 11s. 9d., usually 21s.; hall lamps from 2s. 9d.; very superb drawing and dining room lamps, 45s. 9d., usually 84s.; beautiful brass and real bronze reading lamps, 15s. 9d., usually 30s. These are only specimens of prices. Chandelier designs to be seen in great variety. Clarified oil, 4s. 10d. imperial gallon; fire-proof chimneys, 1s. only.—CLARK and CO., 16, Pickett-street, or 261, Strand, three doors from the stone pillars, opposite St. Clement’s Church, and not a corner shop. To prevent impositions, observe, strictly, Clark and Co. stamped on the glasses, and sealed on the oil corks. Books of designs of lamps (for every use) forwarded free to any part of the kingdom.

PAINT AND PAPER CLEANED ON A NEW PRINCIPLE.—HENRY BURRIDGE, 15, Grenville-street, Brunswick-square, original Inventor of the new and approved method of washing Paper-hangings on the walls of rooms by a Chemical Preparation, to look equal to new, begs to return his most grateful thanks to the Nobility and Gentry for the liberal patronage he has received, and trusts by strict attention to merit a continuance of their favours.

Specimens of paper cleaning may be seen at 15, Grenville-street, or shewn on the walls that are required to be cleaned. Gilt Mouldings, Painted Ceilings, Stucco Walls, Wainscots, &c., cleaned nearly equal to new, Marble Monuments, Busts, and Chimney-pieces bleached and cleaned without incurring the expense of taking down and refixing.

Manufacturer of Marble Papers for staircase walls, &c., in a new and superior style.

Distempering, Whitewashing, and Colouring executed with despatch.

Established 20 years.

House and Estate Agent.

N.B. No charge for registering.

[12]

AUSTIN & SEELEY,
NEW ROAD, LONDON,
(Corner of Cleveland Street.)

AUSTIN and SEELEY respectfully invite the attention of Builders, Masons, and others to their extensive Collection of Ornaments, manufactured in Artificial Stone, of their own peculiar Composition, without either the use of Roman Cement or the application of Heat. They are also ready to execute New Models on the lowest remunerating terms. Their present Stock consists of—

Capitals and Fluted Columns; Trusses, Brackets, and Modillions; the Royal Arms and Prince of Wales’s Feathers; Centre Ornaments for Entablatures and Bas-Relievos; Balustrading and Coping, for which, as their work is waterproof, it is well suited; Rustic and Rough Stone Facing, and Pier Ornaments, such as Pine-Apples, &c.; Gothic Work in great variety, including Fonts, Communion Tables, and Screens; Tazzas and Vases, to the extent of nearly One Hundred Models; Flower-Boxes, and Garden-Border Edging; Fountains, from £6 and upwards; Monumental Urns; Figures—Statues from the antique, as well as some chaste subjects of modern design, Animals, Birds, &c.; Chimneys and Chimney-Pots, from 1 foot 10 inches to 10 feet high. (As these are so bulky, a portion of Roman Cement is introduced for economy’s sake.)

N.B. A complete Specimen-Sheet of their Chimneys may be had by application to A. and S.

[13]

[14]

MOST IMPORTANT INVENTION.

THE PATENT STUCCO PAINT CEMENT.—This truly valuable preparation, the satisfactory result of a long series of experiments, after having been subjected to the most rigid tests, is now offered with confidence to the public, as possessing the following extraordinary qualities, which must at once insure for it a preference over any Cement yet manufactured.

Architects, Engineers, Contractors, Builders, Masons, Plasterers, and the Trade are referred to the undermentioned properties of this valuable discovery, which is secured by Patent to its Inventors and Proprietors.

1. Its strong adhesive properties, fixing most tenaciously to the smoothest surfaces, even to glass.

2. Its being highly repellent of water, and thoroughly impervious to wet or damp.

3. The chemical peculiarity of its composition does not admit of the possibility of its vegetating, and thereby becoming discoloured.

4. The safe and gradual rapidity with which it dries; hardening the more by the greater exposure to the atmosphere.

5. Its perfect freedom from any of the caustic qualities of Lime Stuccoes; and consequently,

6. It may be painted upon as soon as dry, a property possessed by no other Cement whatever.

7. It is not in the slightest degree affected by frost.

8. It may be kept in the cask as delivered from the Manufactory for any length of time without deterioration, not requiring to be used (as other Cements are) immediately after being manufactured. To Merchants, therefore, and Exporters, even to the remotest parts of the globe, this Cement will form a most important item of commerce.

9. To Engineers and Conductors of Public Works, the use of this Cement is strongly recommended in lieu of mortar, particularly in the construction of Railway Arches and Tunnelling; its peculiarly tenacious property forming one hardened mass with the brick or masonry, or with whatever material it may be used; and it will be found particularly valuable in laying and pointing roofs, whether of slate or tile, in the most exposed situations, rendering the whole roof fixed and immoveable.

This Cement is sold in a fluid state, fit for its mixture with the sand, at 14s. per cwt.: the proportions being one fourth-part of the fluid to three-fourths of sand, thereby reducing the price of this Cement considerably below that of any other yet offered to the public.

One coat of the Cement, so prepared, is sufficient to cover at once a Brick Front, without any preparatory coat of lime, seven pounds of the fluid Cement being consumed in covering the square yard; but when laid on Lime Plaster, four pounds’ weight to the square yard will be found enough.

Messrs. Johns and Co., of Plymouth (the Patentees), are now prepared to execute orders to any extent; and beg to intimate that they have appointed Messrs. Mann and Co., of No. 5, Maiden-lane, Queen-street, London, as their Sole Agents, at whose Warehouse any quantity may be procured, specimens may be seen, and every information obtained, and to whom all communications are to be addressed.

London, 5, Maiden-lane, Queen-street, Cheapside, May, 1842.

JAMES GRANT, GAS FITTER, No. 1, Vine-street, Tufton-Street, Westminster, respectfully offers his services to his friends and the public, to lay gas apparatus, of iron or metal, with every requisite for lighting houses or apartments, &c., upon sound principles, which insure safety and prevent smell or other inconvenience, upon economical terms. Drawings and estimates furnished.

TO MASONS, SCULPTORS, BUILDERS, &c.—WYATT, PARKER, and Co. beg to inform their friends and the public, that they have just received from Italy some fine Blocks of Statuary, Veined, Dove, Sienna, and other Marbles. Also a large quantity of Italian sawn slabs or tables. To be seen at Albion Wharf, Holland-street, foot of Blackfriars-bridge, Surrey.

TO ARTISTS, &c.—Wanted, a Gentleman with a taste for Architectural Drawing, and of competent skill as a Draughtsman and Colourist, who, in return for the facilities given him to acquire a knowledge of Architecture, &c., would give his services, or at a moderate remuneration in instruction. Address H., “Builder” Office.

TO ARCHITECTS, BUILDERS, &c.—J. EVANS, Stove Grate Manufacturer, 33, King William-street, London-bridge, respectfully submits the following reduced prices for wholesale orders:—Best elliptic stoves, 4½d. per inch; register stoves, 10d. per inch; Evans’s improved patent self-acting kitchen ranges, with ovens and back boilers, three feet, 4l. 14s. 6d.; three feet four inches, 5l. 15s. 6d.; three feet eight inches, 6l. 6s.; four feet, 6l. 16s. 6d. Larger sizes, with steam apparatus complete, from 20l. to 100l. and upwards. The largest stock of ornamental drawing-room stoves, fenders, &c., in the kingdom.

TO ARCHITECTS, BUILDERS, AND OTHERS.

The advantages of JAMES FINDON’S Patent improvement to Water-Closets are the great facility of acting, cleanliness, a durability, a readiness of being connected to a pipe from a head of water, which pipe may be used for any other purpose; the whole of the apparatus being under the seat. Testimonials to be seen at the manufactory, 190½, High Holborn.

N.B. Iron Hopper Closet Basin glazed and trap complete, 1l. 5s.; Long Iron Hopper Closet Basin glazed and trap complete, 1l. 7s.

TO ARCHITECTS, BUILDERS, DECORATORS, &c.—A Gentleman who has had considerable experience as a draughtsman and designer in the Elizabethan style, as applicable to building, decoration, and furniture, would be glad to meet with an engagement where he would also make himself generally useful. Apply by letter, prepaid, to A.B., “Builder” Office.

## MUSIC.

EIGHT-KEYED COCOA FLUTES, with MOSAIC GOLD or GERMAN SILVER double spring-actioned keys, made on the principle of the two most eminent Professors, NICHOLSON and RUDAL, price 2l. 15s. with Case, &c., complete.

FLOWERS OF MELODY; or the BEAUTIES of the OPERA and CONCERT ROOM. Under this title are published, Songs, Airs, Quadrilles, Waltzes, &c., arranged for the Flute or Violin; the following are now ready, and may be had by order of any Book or Music-seller, price Sixpence each:—Songs and Airs from the works of Albert, Prince of Saxe Coburg Gotha—Beauties of Strauss, Book I.—Lanner’s Waltzes, Book I.—Airs in the Tempest and Macbeth—Songs and Airs in the Beggar’s Opera—Songs and Airs in Shiel’s Opera of The Woodman.—John Limbird’s Music Warehouse, 143, Strand.

MAINZER’S MUSICAL TIMES, and SINGING CIRCULAR, a Fortnightly Journal, published the 1st and 15th of every month.

Price 2d.—Stamped Edition for the Country, 3d.

Annual Subscription | 4s. | 6d.
Six Months’ ditto | 2 | 3
Stamped Edition | 6s. | 6d.
Ditto ditto | 3 | 3

The “Musical Times” contains original Articles on the Art, in all its branches, with Criticisms of important Works bearing upon it; together with notices of the chief Musical Performances in London and the Provinces. It especially advocates Popular Musical Education. The rapidly increasing circulation of this Paper, in all parts of the Kingdom, renders it an important advertising medium. A composition of one of the celebrated old or modern masters is presented Monthly to Subscribers (in advance) of Six Months. These Compositions will consist of Organ Pieces, Madrigals, Glees, Songs, &c.

Guaranteed Circulation 5,000 Copies.

Scale of Charges for Advertisements:—

Eight Lines and under | 5s. | 0d.
Every additional Line | 0s. | 6d.

For a series of insertions, a considerable reduction is made.

Office, 340, Strand; and may be ordered through all News Agents and Booksellers.

The following Musical Compositions have already been presented to the Subscribers.

With No. 2.—A Selection of Psalms and Hymns, arranged for one or two treble voices and additional bass voice. By the Chevalier Sigismund Neukomm. Part I.

With No. 4.—The Evening Song, for two voices; written for the family circle. By C. H. Rinck.

With No. 6.—Psalms and Hymns. By the Chevalier Sigismund Neukomm. Part II.

With No. 8.—Duet. By Alesandro Stradella; with Accompaniment by G. Hogarth.

With No. 10.—Madrigal. “Turn Amarillis.” By Brewer, 1667.

With the Number for Jan. 1, 1813, will be presented a perfect Fac Simile of the Original Manuscript of a celebrated Composition of Mozart.

COMPOSITION AND MUSICAL WORKS,
BY JOSEPH MAINZER.

SINGING FOR THE MILLION, Eighth Edition: A Practical Course of Musical Instruction, adapted, from its pleasing simplicity and rapid effect, to render Musical Reading and Singing familiar to all ages, capacities, and conditions. Stitched, 1s. 6d.; in cloth, 2s.

SINGING FOR THE MILLION, Second Part; containing numerous Exercises in Imitations, Figures, and Canons of Jaunaconi, Fuchs, Albrechtsberger, Hiller, Kittel; Gebhardi, Rinck, and Mainzer, stitched, 2s. 6d.

MAINZER’S CHORUSES.—2d. each.

PART I.

- 1 Praise.
- 2 Psalm CVII.
- 3 The Cuckoo.
- 4 The Village Chimes.
- 5 Independence.
- 6 The Traveller.
- 7 God is everywhere.
- 8 Temperance.

PART II.

- 9 Invitation to a Redbreast.
- 10 Call to Prayer.
- 11 Stanzas to my Child.
- 12 Infant’s Prayer.
- 13 Blowing Bubbles.
- 14 Super Flumina Babylonis.
- 15 Prayer.
- 16 Shepherd Boy.

PART III.

- 17 The Sea.
- 18 Contentment.
- 19 Fraternity.
- 20 Night Song.
- 21 Consolation.
- 22 Hymn.
- 23 The World we have not seen.
- 24 Psalm XV.

Part IV. now issuing.

- Britain’s Hymn, 2 editions, 3d. and 1s. 6d.
- Departure, 3d.
- Song of Night, 3d.

GUIDE FOR BEGINNERS IN PIANOFORTE PLAYING, with English and French words. 5s.

This work is entirely different from those of a similar kind, which have chiefly in view the great agility of fingers, the elegance of performance, and the difficulty of execution; while, on the contrary, the greatest pains have been taken in this work to make it as simple as possible for the understanding even of children, or all those who are unacquainted with the Pianoforte.

The following Compositions are to be published successively:—

MUSICAL GRAMMAR. Theory of Chords, of Counterpoint, of Imitation, Fugue, and Canons. In sheets, 3d. each.

THE ART OF SINGING, or Guide for the higher practical part of Execution.

A COLLECTION OF AIRS, DUETS, and CHORUSES of the Opera “La Jacquerie” (Poor Conrad), with English, French, and German words.

THE ASCENSION OF CHRIST, an Oratorio.

London: Published at the Repository for Mainzer’s Publications, 340, Strand.

## PUBLICATIONS.

On Saturday, the 7th of January, 1843, will be published, the First Number of a New Weekly Periodical, price 4d. or stamped, 5d. to be entitled the

ILLUSTRATED POLYTECHNIC REVIEW. This Journal will be devoted to Science, the Fine Arts, and Literature. Each Number will contain an Essay or Essays on some branch of Science or the Fine Arts, together with other highly-interesting matter. The Review will be printed on a fine Paper, with a new Type, and will comprise 48 closely-printed columns, 4to. The whole to be illustrated with numerous fine Engravings, by the first Artists.

Letters, Essays, Works for Review &c. to be addressed to the Editor, 143, Strand, London, where Advertisements will be received.

Will be published on 1st January, 1843,

LAXTON’S BUILDERS’ PRICE-BOOK for 1843, containing upwards of Ten Thousand Prices and Memoranda connected with Building. The whole has been carefully revised and corrected agreeably to the recent alteration of the price of materials in consequence of the New Tariff. A great variety of additional prices have been given not before published, together with some useful Tables. Seventeenth Edition. Published in a convenient size suitable for the Pocket. Price 4s. bound in cloth, or in the form of a pocket-book, price 5s.

To be had of the Author at his Office, 10, Fludyer-street, Whitehall; John Weale, Architectural Library, 59, High Holborn; Simpkin, Marshall, and Co., and R. Groombridge, Paternoster-row; Hebert, 88, Cheapside; and Miller & Field, 6, Westminster-bridge-road.

NEW WORKS
NOW PUBLISHING BY
H. G. CLARKE & CO. 66, OLD BAILEY, LONDON,
Agent for Ireland, S. J. Machen, 8, D’Olier-street, Dublin,
AND SOLD BY ALL BOOKSELLERS.

THE ENGLISH WIFE; A Manual of Home Duties, designed as a Sequel to the English Maiden. 12mo. cloth, lettered. Price 4s. 6d. Silk, 6s. Morocco, 8s.

Contents.—Bridal Hopes and Joys. Family Arrangements. Domestic and Social Duties. State of Mind necessary to the due Discharge of Domestic Duties. On the Care of Health. On Healthful Food and Drink. On the Care of Infants. On the Training of Young Children. Leisure Hours. Conclusion.

THE ENGLISH MAIDEN;

Her Moral and Domestic Duties. With engraved Title, designed by Gilbert, engraved by Gilks, fcp. 8vo. cloth, lettered, price 4s. 6d. Silk, 6s. Mor. 8s.

“A little work well worthy, from its good sense and good feeling, to be a permanent and favourite monitor to our fair countrywomen.”—Morning Herald.

“The book is one of the best fitted for presents to young women, in any rank of life; its price putting it within the reach of most; its tendency calculated to be beneficial to all.”—Sherborne Mercury.

THE LADIES’ WORK-TABLE BOOK,

Containing full Instructions in Plain and Fancy Needle-work, Embroidery, Knitting, Netting, Crochet, &c. Illustrated by upwards of Fifty Engravings. Imperial 32mo. Cloth, gilt edges, price 3s. 6d.

THE LADIES’ HAND-BOOK OF FANCY NEEDLE-WORK AND EMBROIDERY,

Containing Plain and Ample Directions whereby to become a perfect Mistress of those delightful Arts. 3rd edition, with Illustrations. Imperial 32mo. gilt edges, price 1s.

“The directions are plain and concise, and we can honestly recommend the volume to every reader.”—La Belle Assemblée.

THE LADIES’ HAND-BOOK OF PLAIN NEEDLE-WORK,

Containing Clear and Ample Instructions whereby to attain proficiency in every department of this most useful employment, with Explanations of the various Stitches. By the Author of the “Ladies’ Hand-Book of Fancy Needle-work,” &c. Imp. 32mo. gilt edges, price 1s.

THE LADIES’ HAND-BOOK OF KNITTING, NETTING, AND CROCHET,

Containing Plain Directions by which to become proficient in those branches of Useful and Ornamental Employment. By the Author of the “Ladies’ Hand-Book of Fancy Needlework,” &c. 3rd edition, with Illustrations. Imperial 32mo. gilt edges, price 1s.

“A more useful work can hardly be desired.”—Court Gazette.

THE LADIES’ HAND-BOOK OF BABY-LINEN,

By the Author of the “Ladies’ Hand-Book of Fancy Needlework,” &c. Imperial 32mo. gilt edges, price 1s.

THE HAND-BOOK OF PAINTING IN OIL,

With an Appendix, containing Sir J. Reynolds’ Observations and Instructions to Students. Imperial, 32mo. gilt edges, price 1s.

“A work of great utility to the Young Artist and Amateur.”—Polytechnic Journal.

ANNUALS, for 1843.

A LOVE GIFT for 1843.

Royal 32mo. cloth, price 2s. 6d. White Silk, 3s.

“A pretty little volume, bound in pink and gold, containing extracts from our English poets, both ancient and modern, upon a subject which ‘rules the camp, the court, the grove—man below, and gods above;’ all universal love—and those who wish to learn what poets have said upon this all-interesting subject, may find it here.”—Era.

THE BALL-ROOM ANNUAL for 1843.

Comprising, in addition to the most Fashionable Quadrilles, Galopades, Mazourkas, &c. of the Present Season, the Steps used in the Strathspeys and Highland Reels, as danced before her Majesty and Prince Albert, on their recent Visit to Scotland. Medium 32mo. gilt edges, price 1s.

THE CHILD’S OWN ANNUAL for 1843;

Illustrated by upwards of Thirty Wood Engravings. Fcp. 8vo. handsomely bound, price 4s. 6d.

HARRISON’S GARDEN ALMANAC and Floral Calendar for 1843.

The Floricultural Department by JOSEPH HARRISON, Editor of the “Floricultural Cabinet,” “Gardener’s Record,” &c. Foolscap 8vo. price 1s.

CLARKE’S GUIDE BOOKS

To the Exhibitions in and near London; Free Galleries of Art in and near London; a Guide Book for Visiters, by H. G. CLARKE. Fcp. 8vo. sewed, price 1s. 6d.; containing the National Gallery, Dulwich Gallery, and Greenwich Hospital Naval Gallery.

The National Gallery; a Guide Book for Visiters. Price 4d.; abridged 3d. and 1d.

The Dulwich Gallery; a Guide Book for Visiters. Price 6d.; abridged 4d. and 2d.

The Naval Gallery at Greenwich Hospital; a Guide Book for Visiters. Price 3d.; abridged 1d.

The Royal Gallery, Hampton Court.—Nearly ready.

THE LIFE OF SAINT IGNATIUS,

Bishop of Antioch; being No. I. of the Lives of the Fathers, Saints, and Martyrs of the Early Christian Church, Imperial 32mo, price 1s.

LETTERS TO A YOUNG LADY

On the Advantages of Early Piety. Imperial 32mo. cloth.—Nearly ready.

Contents.—Personal Advantages of Early Piety. Domestic Advantages of Early Piety. Early Piety as a Preparatory for the Duties of Active Life. Early Piety as connected with the Immortal Destiny of the Human Race.

[15]

MOSLEY’S METALLIC PENS.—The decided superiority of these Pens over all others has long been acknowledged by the Public, and MOSLEY and Co., by anxiously embracing every opportunity of improving their manufacture, have at length brought them to such a state of perfection, as utterly to defy competition. M. & Co. in returning thanks for the very liberal support they have received, would beg at the same time to observe, that us few persons can write with the same description of Pen, they have manufactured a great variety of kinds, being thus enabled to suit the hand-writing of all.

MOSLEY’S PENS are sold by all stationers, and other respectable pen dealers throughout the Kingdom, and Wholesale at No. 8, Hatton Garden, London.

To guard against the many spurious imitations palmed upon the Public, every genuine Pen is stamped “RICHARD MOSLEY & Co. London,” and it is requisite that particular attention be paid to this circumstance, as the name of MOSLEY has been marked upon articles of a worthless description, the name being wrongly spelled, or the Christian name left out—“RICHARD MOSLEY & Co. London,” is the only genuine stamp.

BENTLEY’S Patent PORCELAIN LETTERS, for shop-fronts, hotels, merchants, shippers, &c., are 23 per cent. cheaper than the projecting; they are the most beautiful and imposing to the sight possible, and by far the most durable of any yet introduced; it is a fact worthy of remark, that every new letter that has been brought out within the last ten years has been Bentley’s invention: also Bentley’s newly-invented Zinc and Brass Shop Window Plates, both flat and circular, with raised letters, without a particle of wax, which never get out of order. The Queen’s, Prince Albert’s, and the Prince of Wales’ coats of arms in wood and metal. Observe.—The only Manufactory is Bentley’s, 234, High Holborn.

LETTERS FOR SHOP FRONTS.—Use Mason’s Imperishable ones, made in patent Iron-stone China, which have stood the severe test of 20 winters’ exposure in front of their manufactory at Fenton, in the Potteries.

To be had of Mr. Wager Brameld, Agent, 16, Norton-street, Portland-place.

GREAT COMFORT TO INVALIDS.—FYFE’S Patent Hermetically Sealed Commode Pail, forming with its mahogany seat and earthen pan, a completely air-tight, inodorous, portable chamber closet, for 1l. 6s., in a neat japanned box, 2l. 4s., in a handsome mahogany enclosure, 3l.; rendering a sick room, at all times, as fresh and comfortable to enter as a well-appointed drawing-room.

Sold at Fyfe’s Repository, 26, Tavistock-street, Covent Garden.

Also,

TREDGOLD’S WARM ATMOSPHERIC AIR STOVE, filling the whole area of a Church with a uniform warmth in two hours from lighting the fire.

Orders from the country, with a reference in London, immediately attended to.

PATENT TRANSPARENT VENTILATORS.—The increasing patronage afforded to this invention, which has been extensively introduced into the palaces, public offices, most of the principal banking and club houses, and many private houses, warehouses, offices, &c., has induced the proprietors (FAIRS and CO.) to an effort for their more general adoption, in furtherance of which they have prepared a graduated and greatly reduced tariff of prices, which will be forwarded, post-paid, on application to Fairs and Co., 22, Mortimer-street, Cavendish-square; the Factory, 15, Gillingham-street, Pimlico; or Messrs. Bunnett and Corpe, 26, Lombard-street, where orders are also received. Fairs and Co. are also Manufacturers of the Improved Zinc Sashes, now so extensively used for Churches and other buildings, which supersede the use of copper, at a much less cost, and in which the most elaborate designs may be executed.

WILLIAM SUGG AND CO., No. 19, Marsham-street, Westminster, BRASS and IRON FOUNDERS, GAS ENGINEERS and FITTERS, Makers of Improved Patent Gas Meters, Manufacturers of every description of plain and ornamental bronze, brass and iron work, for OIL or GAS. Fan lights, passage and lantern, plain or ornamented, Wholesale, Retail, and for Exportation. Casting for the Trade.

BIRD’S EYE MAPLE PLANKS, lying in the West India Docks, for sale in any quantity: also a Case of very superior Satin-wood Veneers. Apply, prepaid, W., 340, Strand, London.

THE PATENT FIRE PUMP AND ANTI-FRICTION PUMP.—They are both simple and cheap, and not so likely to get out of repair as the common Pump. The Fire Pump combines, without any alteration, the common domestic Pump, the Lifting Pump, and the Force Pump. The Fire Pump is adopted by her Majesty’s Board of Works, and one is fixed in the House of Commons. Patent Water-closets, Portable ditto, Self-acting ditto, &c. &c.

Freeman Roe, Plumber, Engineer, &c., 70, Strand, opposite the Adelphi Theatre.

SMITH’S PATENT IMPROVED WATER-CLOSET combines all the requisites considered indispensable to form a perfect machine of this nature. In its action it is rapid, certain, and complete; simplicity of construction (the want of which in every other kind has been the fruitful and constant source of so much perplexity) is the distinguishing characteristic of Smith’s Patent Improved Water-Closet.

The value of these Closets has been confirmed, after the severest tests in which they could be subjected, by persons holding important situations in various public institutions, and must be considered conclusive in a matter so nearly affecting the comfort and convenience of the establishments under their care. Such is the confidence of the Patentee in the completeness of this invention, that he distinctly holds himself responsible for the perfect action of every Closet fixed under his own superintendence, and undertakes to remove, free of expense, any that may be found not to fulfil the conditions of his prospectus.

⁂ See “Mechanic’s Magazine” of Sept. 17th, 1842.

Prospectuses and Testimonials may be had of the Patentee, T. SMITH, Plumber, Northampton; or Hayward, Tyler, and Co., Brass-founders, 85, Upper Whitecross-street, St. Luke’s, London.

PATENT PERRYIAN PENS.

PRICES ACCESSIBLE TO ALL WRITERS.

James Perry & Co., Manufacturers to Her Majesty and H.R.H. Prince Albert.

Have just introduced a new variety of their excellent Metallic Pens, in boxes containing one gross, &c., in cases containing a quarter of a hundred, and on cards; all of which are manufactured under the protection of their Patents, suitable for every description of writing, and superior to all the ordinary Steel Pens in general use. J. P. & Co. strongly recommend Bankers, Merchants, Exporters of Metallic Pens, and all large buyers to make trial of these articles, in the full confidence they will be found to possess more of the necessary elasticity for the production of good writing than any other Pens at a similar price.

Pens in Boxes.

DOUBLE PATENT LARGE BARREL PENS, in Boxes, containing one dozen with Holder, or in Boxes of three dozen each, Fine or Medium Points. |
DOUBLE PATENT SMALL BARREL PENS, in Boxes, containing one dozen with Holder, or in Boxes of three dozen, six dozen, or twelve dozen each, Fine or Medium Points. |
DOUBLE PATENT PENS, No. 2, in Boxes, containing three dozen, six dozen, or twelve dozen each, with Fine, Medium, or Extra Fine Points. |
CURVE-CUT PENS, in Boxes, containing three dozen, six dozen, or twelve dozen each, with Fine or Medium Points. |

Pens on Cards.

DOUBLE PATENT LARGE BARREL PENS, | with Fine or Medium Points.—Nine Pens with Holder.
DOUBLE PATENT SMALL BARREL PENS | ”
CURVE-CUT PENS | ”

Pens in Cases containing a Quarter Hundred, with Holder.

DOUBLE PATENT PENS, No. 2, | with Fine or Medium Points
RAVEN BLACK PENS No. 2, | ”
BRONZE PENS No. 2, | ”

The Following Sorts of the Perryian Pens, manufactured by James Perry & Co., are Sold on Cards as Usual.

|  | s. | d.
RAVEN BLACK PENS, with Fine or Medium Points | per Card | 1 | 0
NATIONAL PENS, Nos. 1, 2, 3, & 4, with Fine or Medium Points | ditto | 1 | 0
OFFICE PENS | ditto | 1 | 0
FINE OFFICE PENS | ditto | 1 | 0
NATIONAL PENS, Nos. 7 and 8, with Fine or Medium Points | ditto | 1 | 6
DOUBLE PATENT PENS, with Fine, Medium, Broad, or Extra Fine Points | ditto | 2 | 0
UNDER SPRING PENS ditto | ditto | 2 | 0
FLAT SPRING PENS ditto | ditto | 2 | 0
SIDE SPRING PENS ditto | ditto | 2 | 0
THREE-POINTED PENS | ditto | 2 | 0
ELASTIC FOUNTAIN PENS, with Fine, Medium, Broad, or Extra Fine Points | ditto | 2 | 6
INDIA-RUBBER SPRING PENS, ditto | ditto | 2 | 6
REGULATING SPRING PENS ditto | ditto | 2 | 6
ELASTIC HOLDER, with appropriate Pens ditto | ditto | 2 | 6
FOUNTAIN PENS ditto | ditto | 3 | 0
SCHOOL PENS, for Large, Round, or Small Hand, per Packet |  | 2 | 0
N.B.—Each Card and Packet contains NINE PENS, with suitable Holder.
DRAWING and MAPPING PENS, per Card of Six Pens, with Holder | 3 | 6
LITHOGRAPHIC PENS ditto | 3 | 6

PATENT PERRYIAN ELASTIC HOLDER.

The Elastic Holder is so constructed as to impart an agreeable softness and flexibility to the Pen, rendering it so unconstrained in its action as not to fatigue the hand. This Holder facilitates the progress of the Pen over every description of paper. It may be had with the Perryian Pens, at an advance of Threepence per Card; or separately, at Threepence each. Each Holder is stamped with the words “Patent, Perry, London.”

PERRYIAN LIMPID INK.

This Ink has a flowing property peculiar to itself, and does not corrode Metallic Pens as other Inks.—In Bottles, 6d., 1s., and 2s. each.

BLACK INK POWDER, 6d. and 1s. per Packet.

LIMPIDUM, for neutralising the ill effects of the usual Inks, when used with Metallic Pens, Sixpence per Packet.

Writing Paper; Silver, Albata, and other Pen-Holders and Pencil-Pen Cases, adapted to the Perryian Pens, at the usual Prices.

⁂ £20 Reward will be given, on conviction, for information of any Person or Persons infringing any of the Proprietors Patent Rights.

☞ Sold by all Stationers and Dealers in Metallic Pens, and at the Manufactory, 37 Red Lion Square, London.

DOUBLE PATENT PERRYIAN FILTER INKSTAND.

JAMES PERRY and Co., Manufacturers to Her Majesty and H. R. H. Prince Albert,

Having effected considerable improvement in their FILTER INKSTAND, have now the pleasure to announce that a Second Patent has been granted to them for such improvement, which they have united with their First Patent, under the title of “DOUBLE PATENT PERRYIAN FILTER INKSTAND.” The eulogy bestowed on the Patent Filter Inkstand by the public journals, and the preference obtained for them over the common Inkstands, were almost unprecedented. The present novel and scientific method of supplying Clear Ink to the Dipping Cup, and returning it into the reservoir, is exceedingly simple, the action being now performed by merely lifting up the lid to obtain a supply, and shutting it down to withdraw it; in this state it is protected from dust or other injury in any place or climate. When the Inkstand is filled, it is always ready for use, and the writer will have a regular and daily supply of Clear Ink for four or six months.

No. 1. No. 2. No. 3. No. 4.

No. 5. No. 6. No. 7. No. 4½.

TESTIMONIALS.

It possesses the advantage, from being air-tight, of preserving Ink for almost any period of time.—Times.

One of the most useful inventions of the present day that has come under our observation.—Morning Herald.

It is really most ingenious, and not in the slightest degree liable to get out of order.—John Bull.

Very ingeniously constructed to keep the surface of the Ink at a uniform level, where it is presented to the dip of the Pen.—Morning Post.

We have tested the PERRYIAN INKSTAND, and have every reason to be perfectly satisfied with the trial.—Atlas.

PATENT PERRYIAN GRAVITATING INKSTAND.

As Cheap as the Common Inkstand.

This neat and novel invention is exceedingly well adopted for general use; it preserves the Ink in great perfection for months together, without the trouble of refilling; it excludes dust, &c., and at any moment the writer is supplied with Ink in the most perfect state.

The Patentees strongly recommend it to the notice of Bankers, Merchants, Solicitors, Government Offices, Public Companies, Shops, Schools, &c., as a great improvement over the ordinary Inkstand, both as regards convenience, and considerable saving of Ink. This Inkstand will be found invaluable in keeping the Ink always clear and fit for use in every climate. It is of a cylindrical form, with a gravitating action, adjusted so as to supply the Dipping Cup with Ink, which can be returned into the Cylinder when not in use. Economy, cleanliness, and usefulness are secured by it, and it cannot get out of order.

No. 1. No. 3. No. 2.

☞ Sold by all Stationers and Dealers in Metallic Pens, and at the Manufactory, 37, Red Lion Square, London.

[16]

## “THE BUILDER.”

THE BUILDER.—This Journal will be exclusively devoted to the interests of Builders, by which term must be understood all that numerous and wealthy portion of persons connected directly or indirectly with Building. It will partake of the character of a Trade Journal or Magazine, and also fulfil the objects of a Weekly Newspaper, by giving a faithful and impartial abstract of the News of the Week. The Conductors will not discuss the question of general Politics, nor will they enter upon Political disquisition at all, unless any measure should be proposed affecting the class whose interests they will always support and defend. Upon such occasions, and upon such occasions only, will their paper be political. It will be of no party, unless, indeed, the advocating the true interests of all classes connected with the Building Business, from the Labourer to the Architect, can be so considered. A portion of

“THE BUILDER”

will be occupied by Essays on the Building and Furnishing Arts in all their various and numerous branches. It will contain the designs of Ancient Buildings and Works, and of those of our own day—not mere pictures or views from which nothing is to be learnt, but plans, sections, &c., which, while they will be rendered perfectly intelligible to workmen of ordinary information, it is hoped will not be below the notice of the Architect and the Amateur.

When we consider how numerous and important is the class to whose interests this Journal is dedicated; a class of British Artisans numbering at least half a million; a class whose trade-education distinguishes them in intellect, knowledge, and wealth, it can only form matter of surprise, that while the Clerical, Medical, Legal, Military, and Naval, the Artists and Literati, and other classes have their public organs of opinion and information; while the Gardeners and Agriculturists, Railway and Commercial and Banking Companies have each their mouth-piece and record; the religious sects, and all Politicians their special advocates that this most numerous, most intelligent, and most wealthy, should have so long remained without this bond of the Press; to instruct and inform, to disseminate knowledge as to discoveries and inventions, to advertise wants, and form for it a general nucleus of strength, light, and union.

Amongst the Tradesmen, Manufacturers, &c. who are particularly interested in

“THE BUILDER,”

both as a medium for obtaining information, and for Advertising their own productions and requirements, we may enumerate the following:—

- Architectural Authors and Publishers
- Asphalte Companies
- Artificial Stone Manufacturers
- Auctioneers and Agents for Buildings, Land, Timber Sales, &c.
- Bath, Portland, Granite, Yorkshire, and other Stone Merchants
- Brass Fender, Rods, Plate, &c. Manufacturers
- Brass Founders
- Blind Makers, Venetian and others
- Booksellers
- Bent Timber Manufacturers
- Brokers, Consignments, Sales, &c.
- Bronzists
- Builders’ Cards and Advertisements
- Building Material Dealers
- Carpet Warehouses
- Carvers
- Cabinet Makers
- Chimney-piece Manufacturers
- Cement Manufacturers
- Carriers, Canals, and Vans
- Clerks of Works and their Employers
- Clock Makers and Bell Founders
- Coppersmiths and Braziers
- Contractors and Contracts
- Drawing Schools, Academies, and Schools of Design
- Engineers and Workmen
- Estate and House Agents
- Fender Makers
- Founders and Furnishing Ironmongers
- Fire-proof Materials
- Fencing,—Iron, Wood, or Stone
- Foremen wanted
- Glass and Lead Merchants
- ” Manufacturers, Plate and Stained
- Gas Fitters, &c.
- Grindstones, &c.
- Houses of Call
- Insurance Companies
- Iron and Steel Merchants
- Iron and Tin Plate Workers
- Iron Bedstead Makers, Safes, &c.
- Land Jobbers, and Sales for Building, &c.
- Lamp Manufacturers
- Lath Renders
- Lead Merchants
- Lime Merchants and Burners
- Locksmiths and Bellhangers
- Lock Manufacturers
- Loan Societies
- Mathematical Instrument Makers
- Machine Makers, Engines, &c.
- Metallic Sash Makers—Springs, &c.
- Mechanics’ Institutions
- Mechanical Instrument Makers
- Millwrights and Millstones
- Modellers and Carvers
- Marble Workers—Chimney-piece Manufacturers
- Nail Merchants
- Oven Builders
- Paint and Colour Merchants
- Papier Maché Manufacturers
- Paviours
- Picture Frame and Gilt Moulding Makers
- Patents—Patent Agencies, &c.
- Plasterers and Plaster of Paris
- Pump Makers, &c.
- Pencil Makers
- Prices Current—Timber, Lead, Iron, &c.
- Publishers, Printers, &c.
- Railway Companies
- Registration of Designs
- Roman Cement Makers
- Sales—Timber, Land, Houses, &c.
- Scagliola Manufacturers
- Saw Mills, Sawing, Saw Makers
- Stone Quarries and Merchants
- Slate do. do.
- Staffordshire Tiles, Bricks, Pipes, &c.
- Ships—Imports, Exports, Emigration, &c.
- Steam Engines, and Boiler Makers
- Stove Grate Makers
- Tool Makers
- Turners
- Ventilating and Warming Buildings
- Upholsterers
- Wire Drawers and Workers
- Water Closet Makers
- Wood Paving Companies
- Wood Letters
- Window Blind Makers—Transparent, &c.
- Workmen wanted
- Zinc Manufacturers, and Door-plate Makers
- Zincography and Artists

The following presents a list, taken from the census of 1831, of the building and connected classes in Great Britain only, and of these only the male adults of 20 years old and upwards:—

Architects and Engineers—No number given.
Agents—None given.
Auctioneers | 2,823
Bricklayers | 29,653
Brickmakers | 10,184
Builders | 5,204
Carpenters | 103,238
Cabinet Makers | 21,774
Carvers and Gilders | 2,854
Chair Makers | 802
Ironmongers and Ironfounders | 10,411
Land Jobbers | 651
Lime Burners | 3,122
Masons or Wallers | 49,159
Marble Cutters | 1,732
Nailors | 1,882
Painters | 15,653
Plumbers and Glaziers | 11,999
Plasterers | 9,683
Sawyers | 19,181
Slaters | 4,539
Turners | 5,905
Upholsterers | 2,932
Undertakers | 1,121
| 314,502

To which, if we add for Ireland, for apprentices and increase of population, we shall have a number probably far exceeding half a million!

That this description of paper has been long a desideratum, is evinced by the history and character of the associations of years past. The struggles on the part of masters and men, and the attitude taken by the public towards both, required an interlocutor of this nature to promote a good understanding, and to secure equity and justice to all. With such an auxiliary, what waste of time and funds had been avoided—what noble projects carried out—what petty strife suppressed—what distractions kept down. Our dignity would have been maintained, and our cause ennobled.

But more than this. How many of the claims of humble merit have slept in this interval for the want of a friendly expositor, or a common vehicle of publicity? And how many valuable inventions have languished wanting encouragement, or died still-born in the obscurity of their birth? How many toilsome wanderings of the artisan in search of employment might have been avoided?—how many common benefits have been withheld?—How frequently the hand of brotherly charity undirected, and the worthy object frustrated of its aid? In the glut of work in one quarter and its scarcity in another, how promptly would

“THE BUILDER”

have adjusted the balance? Its columns at all times open to inquiries, and the office for reference, would have solved many difficulties, and facilitated many purposes of good.

But “better late than never.” The present effort will be under the chief conduct of one who, from his experience and practice, has derived means and opportunities of knowing the wants, and understanding the interests, of the class to whom he has the honour to belong. And it will be the object at all times to enlist in behalf of this enterprise the talent and services of all superior minds and zealous hearts in the various kindred professions.

The paper will be of a convenient size for being bound as a book, and so that the essays and illustrations may be separated and preserved. As before stated in respect of the political department, the Editor will endeavour to steer clear of partizanship. But times may arise when a fearless advocacy of trade interests will require him to oppose or support the party in power; on such occasions he will claim for himself the right to assert his views, and those of his class, in a manly and temperate manner.

The illustrations will consist of views, plans, elevations, and sections of ancient and modern buildings, and of parts of buildings, so as effectually to describe their peculiar excellencies;—of working drawings and diagrams for the carpenter, mason, cabinet-maker, &c. &c.;—designs of manufactured articles and implements used in building;—of improved associations and architectural arrangements, whether in the cottage or the mansion, the villa or the palace, in the farm, the village, and the city; in short, there will be no subject in art or science connected with building and the furnishing of buildings that will not be sought after to be introduced here.

As a medium of Advertisements, its merits will be obvious: the list already given comprehends a large number of those to whom such a paper as this offers always the only proper vehicle. But there are many besides to whom it will be a welcome organ. In the matter of contracts for building, of business to be disposed of or sought after, of workmen wanted or seeking employment, and in all such pertaining to the class of builders and cabinet makers, it will at once form a perfect scheme of publicity, thereby encouraging many to advertise, in the certainty of their advertisements being read, and many to read in the same certainty of finding an answer to their wants.

All communications to be addressed to the Editor of “The Builder,” No. 2, York-street, Covent Garden.

TESSELLATED PAVEMENT.—WYATT, PARKER, and CO. respectfully call the attention of the Public to their Specimens of Tessellated Pavement which may be seen at Albion Wharf, Holland-street, Surrey Foot of Blackfriars-bridge.

The Tesseræ for forming this Pavement or Flooring, being composed of similar material to that used in the manufacture of porcelain, and highly vitrified, are imperishable. They can be had of any size and form, from cubes of a quarter of an inch, and with the colours burnt throughout the entire body. If required, they may be gilt similar to those on the tombs of Edward the Confessor and Henry the Third. They are prepared to execute designs for these floors, or to dispose of the small Quarries or Tesseræ by the gross, to such persons as may wish to execute their own floors. These Tesseræ may be united on the floor with Roman Cement, Lime, and Pozzolano, Plaster of Paris, or most of the Cements now in use; or prepared in slabs, and laid with the same facility as Portland Stone paving.

ENCAUSTIC or INLAID ORNAMENTAL TILES, for paving churches, halls, corridors, &c.—WYATT, PARKER, and Co. beg to acquaint the public that they are now prepared to execute PAVEMENTS with these beautiful tiles, manufactured in imitation of the best ancient examples from the Chapterhouse, Westminster, Winchester Cathedral, Romsey Church, Great Malvern, &c. Being made of the famous red Staffordshire clay, they are of a less porous body than the ancient tiles, consequently are more durable, and will bear the roughest usage to which a foot-pavement can be subject, and are therefore more economical than any of the marbles and stones now in use for similar purposes. W. P., and Co. also have a great variety of other tiles of various colours for flooring, and white glazed tiles for the sides of stoves, dairies, baths, &c. Specimens may be seen at Wyatt, Parker, and Co.’s wharf, Holland-street, Surrey Foot of Blackfriars-bridge.

ARTISTS, PRINTSELLERS, and Others are respectfully informed that C. F. Brelefeld has formed a large Collection of new and elegant Designs for Picture Frames in the Improved Papier Maché. The superiority of these Frames consists in their having all the effect of old carved work; many patterns represent exactly the finest carvings of the 17th century. The small parts are far less liable to injury than putty work. Papier Maché being a remarkably tough and hard substance, it never shrinks, and takes gilding very freely; the frames do not weigh one quarter the weight of others, and the price is below that usually charged.

Many specimens are now on view at C. F. Brelefeld’s Papier Maché Works, No. 15, Wellington-street North, Strand, where also Pattern Books may be had, price 14s., consisting of a variety of Patterns of Picture and Glass Frames and Window Cornices, already executed, and on sale.

“PICTURE FRAMES.—We direct the especial attention of all persons interested in this subject to the frames for pictures manufactured by Mr. Brelefeld; they are of Papier Maché, and the advantages they possess over the ordinary composition frames are so strong and so numerous, that they must inevitably be brought into general use. They look exceedingly attractive, and are in reality as much so as if they had passed through the hands of the carver, and been produced at about ten times the expense. The gilding tells with very brilliant effect; and no matter how elaborate the pattern may be, they have a clearness and sharpness that we have seldom or never seen obtained in composition.”—Art-Union.

TO CIVIL ENGINEERS, ARCHITECTS, BUILDERS, AND THE PUBLIC.

THOMAS PEAKE’S TERRO-METALLIC MANUFACTORIES, Tunstall, near Newcastle, Staffordshire. Depôt, Albion Wharf, Holland-street, London, per Messrs. Wyatt, Parker, and Co.

The manufacturer and his late father have conducted the present business since 1808, now thirty-four years. He begs to remark that, during that period, the articles have supplanted other materials to a considerable extent provincially; and experience leads him to believe that they will be more generally adopted in the metropolis, as they become known.

T. P. had the honour to supply roof tiles for lodges, villas, &c. at Chatsworth, and he believes they are not excelled in efficiency or appearance by any tiled roofs in the world.

Pipes instead of Parget for chimneys, either circular for masonry, or 14 by 9 in., and other forms and sizes, not to injure the bond of brickwork; Grecian, Italian, pan, plain, and ornamental tiles, instead of slates, for roofs, with tiles for the hips, valleys, and ridges, a desirable substitute for lead, those for ridges with pyramidal points, lilies, &c.; paving tiles, 6, 7½, and 9 in. square, blue and red, to lay in checquer; skirting tiles; garden edging tiles, very neat; channel tiles; sough grate tiles; drain shell tiles; conduit pipes, of various diameters, from 3 to 16 in., with dead or socket joints, also conical, to fit one within another—the 12 and 16 in. are well adapted fur small sewers. Great numbers of the different sorts and sizes of these pipes have been used upon the railways, especially the London and Birmingham, the Great Western, and Birmingham and Gloucester lines. At home and abroad they are preferred to lead, iron, &c., to convey water for domestic use. The paving of this material, whether square or oblong, is clean, efficient, and durable; it is well adapted for ground floors in general, for outyards, footpaths in towns, &c.

Bath Depôt—Mr. W. Davey, the Quay.
Bristol Depôt—Mr. G. S. Burroughs, Canon’s-marsh.
Isle of Wight—Mr. Ent. Paxton, Ryde.

An early call is most respectfully solicited.

ORNAMENTAL GLASS, Wedgwood Vases, China and Earthenware.—APSLEY PELLATT, only surviving partner of the firm of Pellatt and Green, many years since removed from St. Paul’s churchyard to the Falcon Glass Works, Holland-street, Blackfriars, which is the only establishment in London where every operation connected with glass manufacture (as blowing, cutting, engraving, stoppering, &c.) may be seen in full operation every Tuesday, Wednesday, and Thursday. For a description, with engravings, see Penny Magazine, No. 572. The extensive show-rooms contain a large assortment of decanters, wine glasses, desert services, toilet and smelling bottles, medical and philosophical glass ware, crystal renaissance chandeliers, massive, highly refractive, and decorated with large arabesque ornamental drops, easily cleaned; also girandoles, candlesticks, &c. The china and earthenware comprise breakfast, dinner, desert, tea, and chamber services, from the best manufacturers; together with an extensive selection of Etruscan, Italian, and other vases, modelled and executed by the most able artists at Messrs. Wedgwood’s works, at Etruria, including his celebrated chef-d’œuvre copy of the largest Etruscan vase in the British Museum, the Portland vase, &c. Printed lists, with sketches, may be had on application.

SMITH’S PATENT DOUBLE AND SINGLE ACTION DOOR-SPRINGS are warranted to be the cheapest and best.

Patent weather-tight Fastenings and Cill bars for French casements, which render the French windows perfectly dry, and make a secure, cheap, and invisible fastening. Improved cramps for laying floors.

Manufactory for Iron and Brass work of every description. Depôt for the Patent Wire, Rope, and Sash Line, 69, Princes-street, Leicester-square.

London:—Printed by Messrs. J. L. Cox & Sons, 75, Great Queen-street, Lincoln’s-Inn-Fields; and published by Francis Newton, at the Office, 2, York-street, Covent-garden, where all Letters and Communications for the Editor are to be addressed.

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