.. include:: replace.txt
.. highlight:: cpp
.. highlight:: bash

Energy Framework
----------------

Energy is a key issue for wireless devices, and network researchers
often need to investigate the energy consumption at a node or in the
overall network while running network simulations in |ns3|.
This requires |ns3| to support an energy framework.
Further, as concepts such as fuel cells and energy
scavenging are becoming viable for low power wireless devices,
incorporating the effect of these emerging technologies into
simulations requires support for modeling diverse energy models in
ns-3. The |ns3| energy framework provides the basis for energy storing
consumption and harvesting.


Model Description
*****************
The framework is implemented into the ``src/energy/`` folder.

The |ns3| energy framework is composed of 3 essential parts:

* **Energy source models.** Represent storing energy sources such as batteries or capacitors.

* **Energy consumption models.** Represent a portion of a device that draws energy from energy sources. Examples of this include sensors, radio transceivers, vehicles, UAV, etc.

* **Energy harvesting models.** Represent devices that provide energy to energy sources. For example, solar panels and chargers.

.. _fig-energyFramework:

.. figure:: figures/energyFramework.*

    |ns3| energy framework


Energy Source Models
====================

An energy source represents a power supply. In |ns3|, nodes can
have one or more energy sources. Likewise, energy sources can be
connected to multiple energy consumption models (Device energy models).
Connecting an energy source to a device energy model implies that the
corresponding device draws power from the source.
When energy is completely drained from the energy source, it notifies to the device energy models on
the node such that each device energy model can react to this event. Further, each node
can access the energy source objects for information such as remaining capacity , voltage or
state of charge (SoC). This enables the implementation of energy aware protocols in ns-3.

In order to model a wide range of power supplies such as batteries, the energy source must be able to capture characteristics of these supplies. There are 2 important characteristics or effects related to practical batteries:

* **Rate Capacity Effect.** Decrease of battery lifetime when the current draw is higher than the rated value of the battery.
* **Recovery Effect.** Increase of battery lifetime when the battery is alternating between discharge and idle states.

In order to incorporate the Rate Capacity Effect, the Energy Source
uses current draw from all the devices on the same node to calculate
energy consumption. Moreover, multiple Energy Harvesters can be
connected to the Energy Source in order to replenish its energy. The
Energy Source periodically polls all the devices and energy harvesters
on the same node to calculate the total current drain and hence the
energy consumption. When a device changes state, its corresponding
Device Energy Model will notify the Energy Source of this change and
new total current draw will be calculated. Similarly, every Energy
Harvester update triggers an update to the connected Energy Source.

The ``EnergySource`` base class keeps a list of devices (``DeviceEnergyModel`` objects) and energy harvesters (``EnergyHarvester`` objects) that are using the particular Energy Source as power supply. When energy is completely drained, the Energy Source will notify all devices on this list. Each device can then handle this event independently, based on the desired behavior that should be followed in case of power outage.

Generic Battery Model
#####################

The Generic battery model is able to represent 4 basic types of batteries
chemistries: Lithium-Ion (LiIon) or Lithium Polymer (LiPo), Nickel Cadmium (NiCd),
Lead Acid, and Nickel-metal hydride (NiMH). The main difference between these batteries
is the shape of the discharge curves when using constant discharge current and that
NiCd and NiMh batteries hysteresis phenomenon is also modeled. Peurket effect, aging,
temperature and variable battery impedance is not considered for all batteries. batteries
with similar discharge behavior might be also represented but one of the 4 basic
arqueotipes must be chosen.

The Generic Battery Model is directly based by the works of Trembley et al.
Tremblay's model on itself is based on a popular battery model created by Shepherd.
Tremblay's model consist in visually identify a set of points from batteries manufacturers'
discharge curves datasheets.

.. _fig-dischargeCurve:

.. figure:: figures/dischargeCurve.*

    |ns3| Generic Battery Model Points in battery discharge curve.

The 3 basic set of points that require identification in a datasheet are:

* :math:`V_{full}:` The full battery voltage
* :math:`Q:` The maximum battery capacity

* :math:`V_{exp}:` The voltage at the end of the exponential zone
* :math:`Q_{exp}:` The capacity at the end of the exponential zone

* :math:`V_{nom}:` The voltage at the end of the exponential zone
* :math:`Q_{nom}:` The capacity at the end of the exponential zone

Additionally, it is also necessary to set the values of:

* :math:`R:` The battery impedance (The battery internal resistance)
* :math:`i_{typical}:` The typical current value used to discharge the battery, this value is used to calculate some of the constants used in the model.
* :math:`cutoffVoltage:` Required if we desired to inform connected energy consumption models that the battery has reached its discharged point.
* :math:`i:` The discharge current used to discharge the battery. This value is provided by the energy consumption model attached to the battery.

The value of :math:`R` is typically included in the datasheets, however, because :math:`R` variability is not modeled in |ns3| (The resistance is fixed), it is necessary
to discretely adjust its value to obtain the desired discharge curves. The value :math:`i_{typical}` can
be obtained by inferring its value from the discharged curves shown in datasheets. When modeling
the behavior of a new battery, it is important to chose values that satisfies more than one curve,
trial an error adjustments might be necessary to obtain the desired results.

Attributes:

* ``FullVoltage``: Represents the :math:`V_{full}` value.
* ``MaxCapacity``: Represents the :math:`Q` value.
* ``ExponentialVoltage``: Represents the :math:`V_{exp}` value.
* ``ExponentialCapacity``: Represents the :math:`Q_{exp}` value.
* ``NominalVoltage``: Represents the :math:`V_{nom}` value.
* ``NominalCapacity``: Represents the :math:`Q_{nom}` value.
* ``InternalResistance``: Represents the :math:`R` value.
* ``TypicalDischargeCurrent``: Represents the :math:`i_{typical}` value.
* ``CutoffVoltage``: The voltage where the battery is considered depleted.
* ``BatteryType``: Indicates the battery type used.
* ``PeriodicEnergyUpdateInterval``: Indicates how often the update values are obtained.
* ``LowBatteryThreshold``: Additional voltage threshold to indicate when the battery has low energy.

The process described above can be simplified by installing batteries presents of previously tested
batteries using helpers. Details on helpers usage are detailed in the following sections.


RV Battery Model
################

Attributes:

* ``RvBatteryModelPeriodicEnergyUpdateInterval``: RV battery model sampling
  interval.
* ``RvBatteryModelOpenCircuitVoltage``: RV battery model open circuit voltage.
* ``RvBatteryModelCutoffVoltage``: RV battery model cutoff voltage.
* ``RvBatteryModelAlphaValue``: RV battery model alpha value.
* ``RvBatteryModelBetaValue``: RV battery model beta value.
* ``RvBatteryModelNumOfTerms``: The number of terms of the infinite sum for estimating battery level.

Basic Energy Source
###################

Attributes:

* ``BasicEnergySourceInitialEnergyJ``: Initial energy stored in
  basic energy source.
* ``BasicEnergySupplyVoltageV``: Initial supply voltage for basic energy source.
* ``PeriodicEnergyUpdateInterval``: Time between two consecutive periodic energy updates.


Energy Consumption Models
=========================

A ``DeviceEnergyModel`` is the energy consumption model of a device installed on the node.
It is designed to be a state based model where each device is assumed to have a number of states, and each state is associated with a power consumption value.
Whenever the state of the device changes, the corresponding ``DeviceEnergyModel`` will notify the associated ``EnergySourceModel`` of the new current draw of the device.
The ``EnergySourceModel`` will then calculate the new total current draw and update the remaining energy. A ``DeviceEnergyModel`` can also be used for devices that do not have finite number of states.
For example, in an electric vehicle, the current draw of the motor is determined by its speed.
Since the vehicle's speed can take continuous values within a certain range, it is infeasible to define a set of discrete states of operation.
However, by converting the speed value into current draw directly, the same set of ``DeviceEnergyModel`` APIs can still be used.

WiFi Radio Energy Model
#######################

The WiFi Radio Energy Model is the energy consumption model of a Wifi
net device. It provides a state for each of the available states of
the PHY layer: Idle, CcaBusy, Tx, Rx, ChannelSwitch, Sleep, Off. Each of
such states is associated with a value (in Ampere) of the current draw
(see below for the corresponding attribute names). A Wifi Radio Energy
Model PHY Listener is registered to the Wifi PHY in order to be
notified of every Wifi PHY state transition. At every transition, the
energy consumed in the previous state is computed and the energy
source is notified in order to update its remaining energy.

The Wifi Tx Current Model gives the possibility to compute the current
draw in the transmit state as a function of the nominal tx power (in
dBm), as observed in several experimental measurements. To this
purpose, the Wifi Radio Energy Model PHY Listener is notified of the
nominal tx power used to transmit the current frame and passes such a
value to the Wifi Tx Current Model which takes care of updating the
current draw in the Tx state. Hence, the energy consumption is
correctly computed even if the Wifi Remote Station Manager performs
per-frame power control. Currently, a Linear Wifi Tx Current Model is
implemented which computes the tx current as a linear function
(according to parameters that can be specified by the user) of the
nominal tx power in dBm.

The Wifi Radio Energy Model offers the possibility to specify a
callback that is invoked when the energy source is depleted. If such a
callback is not specified when the Wifi Radio Energy Model Helper is
used to install the model on a device, a callback is implicitly made
so that the Wifi PHY is put in the OFF mode (hence no frame is
transmitted nor received afterwards) when the energy source is
depleted. Likewise, it is possible to specify a callback that is
invoked when the energy source is recharged (which might occur in case
an energy harvester is connected to the energy source). If such a
callback is not specified when the Wifi Radio Energy Model Helper is
used to install the model on a device, a callback is implicitly made
so that the Wifi PHY is resumed from the OFF mode when the energy
source is recharged.

Attributes

* ``IdleCurrentA``: The default radio Idle current in Ampere.
* ``CcaBusyCurrentA``: The default radio CCA Busy State current in Ampere.
* ``TxCurrentA``: The radio Tx current in Ampere.
* ``RxCurrentA``: The radio Rx current in Ampere.
* ``SwitchingCurrentA``: The default radio Channel Switch current in Ampere.
* ``SleepCurrentA``: The radio Sleep current in Ampere.
* ``TxCurrentModel``: A pointer to the attached tx current model.

Energy Harvesting Models
========================

The energy harvester represents the elements that supply energy from
the environment and recharge an energy source to which it is
connected. The energy harvester includes the complete implementation
of the actual energy harvesting device (e.g., a solar panel) and the
environment (e.g., the solar radiation). This means that in
implementing an energy harvester, the energy contribution of the
environment and the additional energy requirements of the energy
harvesting device such as the conversion efficiency and the internal
power consumption of the device needs to be jointly modeled.


Usage
*****

The main way that ns-3 users will typically interact with the Energy
Framework is through the helper API and through the publicly visible
attributes of the framework. The helper API is defined in
``src/energy/helper/*.h``.

In order to use the energy framework, the user must install an Energy
Source for the node of interest, the corresponding Device Energy Model
for the network devices and, if necessary, the one or more Energy
Harvester. Energy Source (objects) are aggregated onto each node by
the Energy Source Helper. In order to allow multiple energy sources
per node, we aggregate an Energy Source Container rather than directly
aggregating a source object.

The Energy Source object keeps a list of Device Energy Model and
Energy Harvester objects using the source as power supply. Device
Energy Model objects are installed onto the Energy Source by the
Device Energy Model Helper, while Energy Harvester object are
installed by the Energy Harvester Helper. User can access the Device
Energy Model objects through the Energy Source object to obtain energy
consumption information of individual devices. Moreover, the user can
access to the Energy Harvester objects in order to gather information
regarding the current harvestable power and the total energy harvested
by the harvester.

Helpers
=======

**Energy Source Helper:**

Base helper class for Energy Source objects, this helper Aggregates
Energy Source object onto a node. Child implementation of this class
creates the actual Energy Source object.

**Device Energy Model Helper:**

Base helper class for Device Energy Model objects, this helper
attaches Device Energy Model objects onto Energy Source objects. Child
implementation of this class creates the actual Device Energy Model
object.

**Energy Harvesting Helper:**

Base helper class for Energy Harvester objects, this helper attaches
Energy Harvester objects onto Energy Source objects. Child
implementation of this class creates the actual Energy Harvester
object.

**Generic Battery Model Helper:**

The ``GenericBatteryModelHelper`` can be used to easily install an energy source into a
node or node container of one of four types of chemistries (Li-Ion,Lead Acid, NiCd,NiMH).
Users must use one of the available presets that represent an specific battery.

.. sourcecode:: cpp

   GenericBatteryModelHelper batteryHelper;
   EnergySourceContainer
   energySourceContainer = batteryHelper.Install(nodeContainer,
                                                 PANASONIC_CGR18650DA_LION);
   batteryHelper.SetCellPack(energySourceContainer,2,2);

In the previous example, the ``GenericBatteryModelHelper`` was used to install a Panasonic CGR18650DA
Li-Ion battery. Likewise, the helper is used to define a cell pack of 4 batteries. 2 batteries
connected in series and 2 connected in parallel (2S,2P).

Another option is to manually configure the values that makes the preset:

.. sourcecode:: cpp

   auto node = CreateObject<Node>();
   auto devicesEnergyModel = CreateObject<SimpleDeviceEnergyModel>();
   batteryModel = CreateObject<GenericBatteryModel>();
   batteryModel->SetAttribute("FullVoltage", DoubleValue(1.39));            // Qfull
   batteryModel->SetAttribute("MaxCapacity", DoubleValue(7.0));             // Q
   batteryModel->SetAttribute("NominalVoltage", DoubleValue(1.18));         // Vnom
   batteryModel->SetAttribute("NominalCapacity", DoubleValue(6.25));        // QNom
   batteryModel->SetAttribute("ExponentialVoltage", DoubleValue(1.28));     // Vexp
   batteryModel->SetAttribute("ExponentialCapacity", DoubleValue(1.3));     // Qexp
   batteryModel->SetAttribute("InternalResistance", DoubleValue(0.0046));   // R
   batteryModel->SetAttribute("TypicalDischargeCurrent", DoubleValue(1.3)); // i typical
   batteryModel->SetAttribute("CutoffVoltage", DoubleValue(1.0));           // End of charge.
   batteryModel->SetAttribute("BatteryType", EnumValue(NIMH_NICD));         // General battery type
   batteryModel = DynamicCast<GenericBatteryModel>
                  (batteryHelper.Install(node,PANASONIC_HHR650D_NIMH));
   devicesEnergyModel->SetEnergySource(batteryModel);
   batteryModel->AppendDeviceEnergyModel(devicesEnergyModel);
   devicesEnergyModel->SetNode(node);


Usage of both of these type of configurations are shown in ``generic-battery-discharge-example.cc``.
The following table is a list of the available presents in |ns3|:


+---------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
| Preset Name               | Description                                     |
+===========================+=================================================+
| PANASONIC_CGR18650DA_LION | Panasonic Li-Ion  (3.6V, 2450Ah, Size A)        |
+---------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
| PANASONIC_HHR650D_NIMH    | Panasonic NiMh HHR550D (1.2V 6.5Ah, Size D)     |
+---------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
| CSB_GP1272_LEADACID       | CSB Lead Acid GP1272 (12V,7.2Ah)                |
+---------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
| PANASONIC_N700AAC_NICD    | Panasonic NiCd N-700AAC (1.2V 700mAh, Size: AA) |
+---------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
| RSPRO_LGP12100_LEADACID   | Rs Pro Lead Acid LGP12100 (12V, 100Ah)          |
+---------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+


Tracing
=======

Traced values differ between Energy Sources, Devices Energy Models and
Energy Harvesters implementations, please look at the specific child
class for details.

**Basic Energy Source**

* ``RemainingEnergy``: Remaining energy at BasicEnergySource.

**RV Battery Model**

* ``RvBatteryModelBatteryLevel``: RV battery model battery level.
* ``RvBatteryModelBatteryLifetime``: RV battery model battery lifetime.

**WiFi Radio Energy Model**

* ``TotalEnergyConsumption``: Total energy consumption of the radio device.

**Basic Energy Harvester**

* ``HarvestedPower``: Current power provided by the BasicEnergyHarvester.
* ``TotalEnergyHarvested``: Total energy harvested by the BasicEnergyHarvester.

Examples
========

The following examples have been written.

Examples in ``src/energy/examples``:

* ``basic-energy-model-test.cc``: Demonstrates the use of a Basic energy source with a Wifi radio model.
* ``generic-battery-discharge-example.cc``: Demonstrates the installation of battery energy sources. The output of this example shows the discharge curve of 5 different batteries.
* ``generic-battery-discharge-example.py``: A simplified version of the previous example but using python bindings.
* ``generic-battery-wifiradio-example.cc``: Demonstrates the use and installation of the Generic Battery Model with the WifiRadio model.
* ``rv-battery-model-test.cc``: Discharge example of a RV energy source model.

Examples in ``examples/energy``:

* ``energy-model-example.cc``
* ``energy-model-with-harvesting-example.cc``: Shows the harvesting model usage. Only usable with basicEnergySources.


Tests
=====
The following tests have been written, which can be found in ``src/energy/tests/``:


Validation
**********

The RV battery model is validated by comparing results with what was presented in the original RV battery model paper. The generic battery model is validated by superimposing the obtained discharge curves with manufacturer's datasheets plots. The following shows the results of the ``generic-battery-discharge-example.cc`` superimposed to manufacturer's datasheets charts:


.. _fig-leadacid:

.. figure:: figures/leadacid.*

    Lead acid battery discharge curve (CSB GP1272)

.. _fig-liion:

.. figure:: figures/liion.*

    Li-Ion battery discharge curve (Panasonic CGR18650DA)

.. _fig-nicd:

.. figure:: figures/nicd.*

    NiCd battery discharge curve (Panasonic N-700AAC)

.. _fig-nimh:

.. figure:: figures/nimh.*

    NiMH battery discharge curve (Panasonic HHR650D)



Scope and Limitations
=====================

* In the ``GenericBatteryModel`` charging behavior (voltage as a function of SoC) is included but is not been thoroughly tested. Testing requires the implementation of a harvesting device (A charger) capable of providing a CCCV charging method typically used in batteries.
* In the ``GenericBatteryModel`` impedance (battery resistance) is constant, battery aging or temperature effects are not considered.
* The Rv battery model has some reported issues (See: issue #164)
* The harvesting mode can only be used with basic energy sources because it does not consider the current capacity or voltage of the battery.

Future Work
===========

* Support of device energy models for PHY layers (lr-wpan, WiMax, etc) and other pieces of hardware (UAV, sensors, CPU).
* Support for realistic charging batteries in the ``GenericBatteryModule``.
* Support for device capable of charging batteries (e.g. chargers with CCCV capabilities).
* Implement an energy harvester that recharges the energy sources according to the power levels defined in a user customizable dataset of real measurements.

References
==========

Energy source models and energy consumption models:

[`1 <https://labs.ece.uw.edu/nsl/papers/SIMUTools-11.pdf>`_] H. Wu, S. Nabar and R. Poovendran. An Energy Framework for the Network Simulator 3 (ns-3).

[2] M. Handy and D. Timmermann. Simulation of mobile wireless networks with accurate modelling of non-linear battery effects. In Proc. of Applied simulation and Modeling (ASM), 2003.

[3] D. N. Rakhmatov and S. B. Vrudhula. An analytical high-level battery model for use in energy management of portable electronic systems. In Proc. of IEEE/ACM International Conference on Computer Aided Design (ICCAD'01), pages 488-493, November 2001.

[4] D. N. Rakhmatov, S. B. Vrudhula, and D. A. Wallach. Battery lifetime prediction for energy-aware computing. In Proc. of the 2002 International Symposium on Low Power Electronics and Design (ISLPED'02), pages 154-159, 2002.

[`5 <https://www.mdpi.com/2032-6653/3/2/289>`_] Olivier Tremblay and Louis-A. Dessaint. 2009. Experimental Validation of a Battery Dynamic Model for EV Applications. World Electric Vehicle Journal 3, 2 (2009), 289–298. https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj3020289

[`6 <https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/4544139>`_] Olivier Tremblay, Louis-A. Dessaint, and Abdel-Illah Dekkiche. 2007. A Generic Battery Model for the Dynamic Simulation of Hybrid Electric Vehicles. In 2007 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference. 284–289. https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544139

[`7 <https://www.mathworks.com/help/sps/powersys/ref/battery.html>`_]  MatWorks SimuLink Generic Battery Model

[8] C. M. Shepherd. 1965. Design of Primary and Secondary Cells: II . An Equation Describing Battery Discharge. Journal of The Electrochemical Society 112, 7 (jul 1965), 657. https://doi.org/10.1149/1.2423659

[`9 <https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3592149.3592156>`_] Alberto Gallegos Ramonet, Alexander Guzman Urbina, and Kazuhiko Kinoshita. 2023. Evaluation and Extension of ns-3 Battery Framework. In Proceedings of the 2023 Workshop on ns-3 (WNS3 '23). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 102–108. https://doi.org/10.1145/3592149.3592156


Energy Harvesting Models:

[10] C. Tapparello, H. Ayatollahi and W. Heinzelman. Extending the Energy Framework for Network Simulator 3 (ns-3). Workshop on ns-3 (WNS3), Poster Session, Atlanta, GA, USA. May, 2014.

[11] C. Tapparello, H. Ayatollahi and W. Heinzelman. Energy Harvesting Framework for Network Simulator 3 (ns-3). 2nd International Workshop on Energy Neutral Sensing Systems (ENSsys), Memphis, TN, USA. November 6, 2014.

